This section of Enviro Annotations features articles on current environmental issues, ecology, biodiversity, climate change, opinions, Industry Case Studies, environmental policies in India, regulations, environmental law, green technologies and environmental studies, all aimed at enhancing environmental awareness and advocating for ecological protection. Environmental News Subscribe
18th June 2025 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
Sunita Mishra, Editor – Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Action
As India endures yet another year of worsening air quality, a growing groundswell of public outrage is surging across social media under the hashtag #NoHalfMeasures, demanding decisive and uncompromising action against Delhi’s persistent pollution emergency. From students and working professionals to healthcare experts and environmental advocates, citizens are sharing their harrowing experiences—the acrid stench during morning commutes, the pall of grey haze smothering skylines, and the ominous daily health bulletins that have become all too routine. The sentiment is unequivocal: Delhi’s air pollution is no longer a seasonal blight, but a chronic and deepening public health catastrophe.
Delhi's environmental crisis has once again captured global attention. As per the World Air Quality Report 2024 by IQAir, the capital retained its position as the world’s most polluted capital city for the fourth consecutive year. In November 2024, average PM2.5 concentrations breached 350 micrograms per cubic metre—a staggering 23 times above the World Health Organization’s prescribed limit. The human cost is even more sobering. A study published in Lancet Planetary Health attributed over 54,000 premature deaths in Delhi during 2023 to prolonged exposure to air pollution. Yet, it must be acknowledged that both IQAir’s metrics and mortality estimates have been contested by government institutions, citing methodological ambiguities and over-reliance on modelling assumptions.
The urgency of the crisis was once again underlined on 7th June 2025, when the Air Quality Index (AQI) in Delhi-NCR touched 209, officially classified as ‘Poor.’ In response, the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) activated Stage I of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). On the back of air quality forecasts from the India Meteorological Department and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, agencies intensified dust suppression drives, enforced stricter norms at construction sites, and ramped up vehicular emissions surveillance. Enforcement authorities were placed on high alert with the potential escalation to Stage II. Notably, GRAP Stage I has since been revoked, raising questions regarding the adequacy of reactive, short-term interventions for a problem so deeply entrenched.
What further complicates the narrative is the significant vehicular transition already underway in Delhi/NCR. While a large portion of the fleet is yet to become electric, many private users have shifted to newer, cleaner vehicles complying with improved emission standards. This has triggered a broader question in public discourse: Is the accuracy of the pollution measurement and data itself questionable, or are automobile manufacturers’ emissions claims overstated?
Concurrently, an increasing number of environmental campaigners have raised concerns about the disproportionate focus on vehicular emissions, which they argue diverts attention from more entrenched, large-scale industrial polluters. Findings by the CAQM’s Flying Squad have exposed numerous unauthorised operations by Indian and multinational industrial units operating in the NCR region. Despite chronic violations, enforcement has often been lax, with punitive action stalled for years—highlighting systemic loopholes and a prevailing culture of impunity.
Adding to this, road dust—particularly from dilapidated or unpaved roads—remains a major source of airborne particulates. “It’s not just about vehicle exhaust. The dust kicked up by vehicles on broken and poorly maintained roads is a direct consequence of administrative failure,” says R.K. Tyagi, an environmentalist. Many experts argue that this category of pollution is frequently misattributed to vehicles, thereby shielding municipal bodies and Highway maintenance contractors from rightful scrutiny.
Amid these multifaceted concerns, there remains a glimmer of hope in community-driven change. While regulatory frameworks are indispensable, the freedom of public mobility must not become collateral in the fight against air pollution. Critics point out that in recent years, government agencies have amassed vast sums through challans and fines from individual motorists, even as many polluting industries and commercial entities escape accountability. This has generated widespread public discontent, with citizens expressing that they feel punished rather than protected.
Urban planners too face criticism for failing to develop an integrated transport infrastructure that could have preempted the crisis. If authorities had acted with foresight, Delhi-NCR might have been served by a dense, spiderweb-like network of mass rapid transit systems, offering seamless connectivity and reducing reliance on private mobility. The reactive expansion of transport infrastructure today seems grossly inadequate to meet the scale of the challenge.
Nonetheless, pragmatic solutions remain within reach. Opting for public transport—such as Delhi Metro, DTC buses, and e-rickshaws—can significantly cut emissions. Carpooling within neighbourhoods or corporate corridors also reduces traffic volume and aggregate pollution levels. Discouraging open burning and phasing out single-use plastics—often burned in landfills—are equally essential to mitigate toxic emissions such as dioxins and black carbon.
On the technological front, a 2024 report by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) projected that a complete shift to electric vehicles in Delhi could slash transport-sector PM2.5 emissions by over 60% by 2030. Yet, sceptics question the robustness of this projection, noting that real-world adoption rates and infrastructural readiness remain significant hurdles.
Estimates of vehicular pollution contributions vary across studies. TERI estimates road transport accounts for up to 39% of Delhi’s PM2.5 emissions, while the Ministry of Earth Sciences places the figure at 41%. Other research—most notably by IIT Kanpur and TERI–ARAI—suggests a more nuanced range between 25% and 38%, depending on seasonal variables. Additionally, the transport sector is a notable contributor to nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and other gaseous pollutants, driven by traffic congestion, ageing vehicle fleets, and low modal shifts.
Ultimately, the groundswell behind #NoHalfMeasures signals a profound public recognition that Delhi’s air crisis is a systemic and intersectoral challenge, demanding transparent governance, scientific integrity, and policy accountability. Citizens are also questioning the impartiality of interventions by reputed institutions, including IITs, which, critics argue, are increasingly influenced by industrial partnerships. While individual responsibility plays a role, the broader solution lies in inclusive and science-backed reforms across all polluting sectors, free from political or corporate expediencies.
As Delhi stands at a critical juncture—torn between survival and suffocation—the call for complete, coordinated, and uncompromised action is resonating louder than ever.
Not the least, another significant, yet often overlooked, dimension of Delhi/NCR’s transition to EVs pertains to the hidden environmental and socio-economic costs associated with the EV ecosystem itself. While the shift to EVs is widely promoted as a clean alternative to internal combustion engines, this transition is heavily reliant on a complex supply chain involving new mining operations, mineral extraction, and an expanded manufacturing footprint. The demand for lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, copper, and rare earth elements—essential for EV batteries—has already prompted accelerated mining activity in regions like Jharkhand, Odisha, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and parts of the Northeastern states. These activities often raise serious environmental concerns, including deforestation, water contamination, displacement of indigenous communities, and biodiversity loss. In parallel, the production and transportation of plastic components, tyre and rubber parts, paints, and surface treatments required for EV manufacturing bring their own pollution footprints—particularly in industrial clusters like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. As India expands its EV infrastructure, it is imperative that these institutions and reporting agencies evaluate the life cycle impact of EVs holistically, ensuring that environmental costs are not merely transferred from Delhi’s streets to the forests, rivers, and communities of mineral-rich states. Without such an integrated sustainability approach, the EV revolution risks becoming a shifting of burdens rather than a true solution to India’s air quality crisis.
16th June 2025 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
Sunita Mishra, Editor – Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Action
As the global economy grapples with fiscal pressures and climate uncertainties, carbon pricing mechanisms continue to emerge as a resilient policy tool to address environmental and developmental objectives. The State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 report by the World Bank reveals a growing global momentum in the adoption of carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETSs), with countries like India now advancing concrete steps toward implementing their own schemes.
Global Status: Carbon Pricing Now Covers 28% of Global Emissions
As of April 2025, 80 carbon pricing instruments—comprising 43 carbon taxes and 37 ETSs—are operational worldwide. These mechanisms now cover nearly 28% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a sharp rise from just 5% in 2005. This significant growth is attributed largely to China’s expansion of its national ETS to industrial sectors such as steel, cement, and aluminum, bringing 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent under its pricing ambit.
In monetary terms, over USD 100 billion was generated in carbon revenues for the second consecutive year in 2024, with more than 50% earmarked for environmental, infrastructure, and development initiatives.
India’s Progress: Formal Regulations and Dual Market Strategy
India has moved beyond exploratory stages and formally adopted regulations in July 2024 for its planned Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS). This marks the country's transition toward a rate-based ETS, which aims to regulate emissions intensity rather than absolute emissions—a strategy particularly suited to economies with growing industrial output.
The Indian scheme initially targets nine energy-intensive sectors, offering carbon credit certificates to entities outperforming benchmark emissions intensity levels. These credits are tradable, and their implementation marks the beginning of a phased shift from the existing Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme to a more robust market-based ETS.
Additionally, the Indian government approved eight domestic crediting methodologies in March 2025, ranging from renewable energy and green hydrogen to mangrove afforestation and industrial energy efficiency. A voluntary carbon crediting programme for uncovered sectors is also under development, reflecting India’s dual-market approach of compliance and voluntary trading.
Differentiated Sectoral Coverage Globally
Globally, the power sector remains the most extensively covered, followed by industry—especially after China’s recent scope expansion. However, sectors like agriculture and waste still witness negligible direct carbon pricing. India’s focus, in contrast, is currently limited to industrial emissions, though the inclusion of nature-based projects (e.g., afforestation) under its crediting system indicates a growing scope.
While rate-based ETSs offer flexibility and are increasingly favoured by emerging economies like India, Türkiye, and Indonesia, they present less certainty in total emissions reductions compared to cap-and-trade systems. Yet, for rapidly industrializing nations, this approach provides a balance between economic growth and environmental accountability.
Global Average Carbon Price Still Below Climate Targets
Despite this progress, the global emissions-weighted average carbon price remains modest at around USD 5 per tCO₂e—significantly lower than the USD 90–300/tCO₂e levels suggested for achieving the 2°C warming limit under IPCC and Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) scenarios.
Most carbon taxes and ETSs, including India’s upcoming system, fall short of these thresholds, indicating a persistent gap between policy implementation and climate ambition.
Voluntary Markets and Private Sector Role
Carbon credit markets, both voluntary and compliance-based, saw a surge in credit retirements in 2024, largely due to multi-year compliance obligations, especially in jurisdictions like California and Québec. The private sector continues to dominate demand, with a notable shift toward nature-based removals and clean cooking projects—areas where India also seeks to mobilize international finance through its domestic crediting mechanisms.
Furthermore, the internal carbon pricing movement within companies—used for investment planning and risk assessment—has also expanded, with 1,753 firms globally adopting this practice in 2024, an 89% increase from 2021.
India’s Role in the Global Transition
India’s planned ETS and voluntary crediting framework underscore its intent to integrate domestic climate policy with international market mechanisms, including those enabled under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. While implementation timelines remain staggered—with full-fledged ETS expected post-2026—India’s strategic focus on benchmarking, crediting methodologies, and market readiness indicates a methodical approach toward carbon pricing.
As the World Bank report affirms, carbon pricing is not a panacea but a foundational pillar in a broader climate policy mix. For India, aligning carbon pricing with energy security, industrial competitiveness, and developmental goals will be key to ensuring a just and sustainable transition.
3rd June 2025 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
Sunita Mishra, Editor – Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Action
As World Environment Day (WED) 2025 approaches, the usual corporate enthusiasm to align with environmental causes is visible through announcements of sustainability-led initiatives. However, the cancellation of a key event organised by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) underscores a growing disconnect between symbolic observances and consistent institutional engagement. FICCI announced that its event, themed “Driving Climate Accountability and Reducing Plastic Waste,” which was scheduled for 5th June 2025 at the National Stock Exchange (NSE) Auditorium in Mumbai, stands cancelled due to unforeseen circumstances.
This comes at a time when the WED 2025 theme — “Ending Plastic Pollution Globally” — demands not just statements of intent but demonstrable action across sectors. While some Indian businesses have come forward with environment-centric initiatives, the scale and depth of corporate engagement remain fragmented.
A few companies have presented their activities in alignment with this year’s focus. Swish Club, operating in the Device-as-a-Service (DaaS) space, claims to reduce plastic and electronic waste through circular lifecycle management of enterprise tech devices. Plannex, an e-waste management firm, has highlighted its role in diverting plastic waste from landfills, although detailed impact metrics remain limited in public disclosures. Green Frontier Capital (GFC), a climate-oriented investment firm, continues to support startups focused on environmental solutions, including plastic waste reduction and biofuels, though the broader investment landscape still favours conventional returns over long-term sustainability.
In the lifestyle and home design sector, Life n Colors has publicised its efforts to integrate sustainability into its product offerings. The company reports that it offset 90,000 kilograms of energy-related carbon emissions in FY 2024–25 through verified carbon credits linked to a renewable energy project. Additionally, it claims to have sold over 11,200 wallpapers and brought sustainable designs into 9,000 homes. A solar power plant installation, limited tree planting in Rajasthan, and the adoption of recyclable packaging are part of its broader branding effort to appear environmentally responsible. While commendable, such efforts, when seen in isolation, raise questions about scalability and long-term commitment in an industry often driven by aesthetics and consumer trends.
Amid the discussion around plastic waste, the conversation is also extending to India’s mounting challenge of managing over 62 million tonnes of annual waste. Several enterprises have presented models for converting waste into industrial fuel. The Luthra Group, involved in hazardous and municipal solid waste processing, claims to have produced more than 115,000 tonnes of industrial fuel through its patented technologies. Rollz India Waste Management promotes a decentralised waste-to-energy model aimed at reducing landfill dependency, while Abellon CleanEnergy is focused on biomass solutions using agricultural waste. JBM Enviro has developed an urban waste-to-energy facility that mimics conventional thermal power generation using municipal waste as input.
While these initiatives indicate sectoral experimentation, the larger policy and regulatory environment still lacks the cohesion and enforcement necessary to ensure that such models can be scaled and replicated. In the domain of plastic waste management, credible data on plastic generation, distribution, and disposal remains a significant challenge for effective planning. Data on plastic waste imports and usage should be disclosed to the public. Supply chain transparency is also an integral concern that must be addressed. Moreover, the absence of clear impact data, third-party validation, public engagement, and a formal system of public audit casts doubt on whether these isolated, business-led initiatives can meaningfully contribute to long-term climate accountability.
In essence, the run-up to World Environment Day 2025 reveals a mixed picture. On one hand, there is growing visibility of private sector participation in environmental discourse. On the other, the lack of data and data transparency, the cancellation of a major industry-led event, and the absence of a unified national strategy to reduce plastic waste reflect an environment where symbolic gestures often overshadow structural reforms. As the challenges of pollution, resource depletion, and climate change intensify, the need for credible, transparent, and enforceable environmental accountability becomes ever more urgent.
9th May 2025 YouTube X LinkedIn
Sunita Mishra, Editor – Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Action
In a stark illustration of diverging climate action strategies, two developments unfolded on consecutive days across the globe. On 7th May 2025, Environment Energy Leader reported that the Sierra Club raised an alarm over recent rollbacks by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), warning that these could severely weaken coal pollution safeguards in Indiana. The environmental advocacy group expressed deep concern that such policy regressions may allow coal-fired power plants to bypass mandated pollution cuts, potentially exacerbating public health risks and environmental degradation.
On the following day, 8th May 2025, the Ministry of Coal signed the Coal Gasification Plant Development and Production Agreement (CGPDPA) with selected applicants under Category II of the Coal Gasification Financial Incentive Scheme. The projects include both public sector undertakings and private enterprises: Jindal Steel and Power Limited, New Era Cleantech Solution Private Limited, and Greta Energy and Metal Private Limited.
Launched on 24th January 2024, the incentive scheme has a budgetary allocation of ₹8,500 crore and aims to achieve 100 million tonnes of coal gasification by 2030. The initiative seeks to utilize the country’s domestic coal reserves to support industrial development, enhance energy access, and promote technological adoption through public-private collaboration.
Coal gasification is promoted as a cleaner alternative to conventional coal combustion, with the potential to reduce pollutants such as SO₂ and NOₓ. It converts coal into syngas, which can be used for power generation, chemical production, and synthetic fuel synthesis.
However, experts caution that the technology presents several challenges. Establishing and operating gasification infrastructure involves substantial capital investment in gasifiers, syngas purification systems, and downstream processing units. Moreover, in the absence of carbon capture and storage (CCS), coal gasification continues to release significant amounts of CO₂, limiting its climate benefits. Notably, former U.S. Vice President Al Gore has criticized CO₂ capture technologies as impractical, calling them “nonsense” and describing direct air capture as a “hilarious” excuse for ongoing fossil fuel use in a 2003 address.
Additional environmental concerns persist regarding the high water demand of coal gasification and the risks associated with underground coal gasification (UCG), including groundwater contamination and land subsidence. Critics argue that continued investment in coal-based technologies—even those labeled as “clean”—could inadvertently delay India’s transition to a low-carbon economy and limit financial capacity for scaling renewable energy solutions.
Now the pressing question is: By directing public funds and policy support toward coal-based infrastructure, is India at risk of crowding out investment in renewable energy—thereby delaying its broader decarbonization path and undermining its ability to meet net-zero targets?
23rd January 2025 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
Sunita Mishra, Editor – Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Action
A recent global survey conducted by professional services firm Deloitte has revealed widespread concern over the insufficient efforts by companies to address climate change. The survey, which included over 20,000 respondents from more than 20 countries, indicated that a significant majority of individuals feel their employers are not doing enough to mitigate environmental risks. These concerns are prompting many to consider major lifestyle changes, such as modifying consumption patterns, rethinking career choices, and even relocating to areas less vulnerable to climate impacts.
Adding urgency to the matter, over half of the respondents reported experiencing at least one extreme weather event linked to climate change in the past six months, emphasizing the need for immediate and effective climate action.
In India, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting continues to face criticism for its lack of transparency, leading to diminished public confidence in corporate sustainability claims. Critics argue that many industries fail to provide clear and reliable disclosures, raising concerns about the credibility of their environmental commitments.
Meanwhile, in Europe, major corporations such as Nestlé, Unilever, and Mars, alongside investors and industry associations, have expressed apprehensions over the European Commission's upcoming "Omnibus" package. This legislative proposal, aimed at reducing administrative burdens on businesses, has drawn criticism for potentially undermining sustainability reporting and due diligence laws.
In a joint letter to European Union leaders, these entities warned that weakening existing regulations could jeopardize recent advancements in environmental and social governance practices. The Omnibus package, they caution, could erode policy certainty and diminish the effectiveness of sustainability measures, stalling progress in addressing climate and social challenges.
Amid these developments, the United States has taken a controversial step back from international climate commitments. Newly inaugurated President Donald Trump has signed an executive order to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement for the second time. This marks a significant reversal in the country’s climate policy, which had previously seen a recommitment under President Joe Biden.
President Trump’s decision has sparked global debate as nations grapple with the escalating effects of climate change. Critics argue that the withdrawal undermines international collaboration on climate action, particularly at a time when stronger commitments are essential to address the growing frequency of extreme weather events.
These developments underscore the need for unified global action on climate change. While individuals increasingly recognize the urgency of the issue, inconsistent policies, and transparency challenges in corporate and governmental actions threaten to stall progress. As climate impacts intensify, the call for accountability, transparency, and cooperation across sectors and nations grows ever louder.
29th Dec 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) concluded two weeks of historic hearings on 13th December 2024, addressing the pressing question of States' obligations under international law to combat climate change. Spearheaded by small island nations facing existential threats, the proceedings involved 96 countries and 11 regional organizations and marked a pivotal moment in the global climate discourse.
Small Islands Lead the Call for Accountability: The hearings were initiated through a United Nations General Assembly resolution led by Vanuatu and the Melanesian Spearhead Group, representing nations most vulnerable to climate impacts.
“The outcome of these historic proceedings will have repercussions for generations to come, determining the fate of nations like mine and the future of our planet,” said Ralph Regenvanu, Vanuatu’s Special Envoy for Climate Change.
The Pacific Island nation highlighted catastrophic impacts of rising seas and extreme weather, condemning high-emitting States for failing to meet their international obligations. Vanuatu's Attorney General, Arnold Kiel Loughman, termed this failure an “internationally wrongful act,” accusing high-emitting nations of bringing humanity “to the brink of the abyss.”
The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) echoed these sentiments, urging the ICJ to affirm principles addressing sea-level rise, including the recognition of maritime zones and statehood for territories inundated by rising seas.
Global Perspectives on Differentiated Responsibilities: Amid divergent global viewpoints, the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" dominated the discourse:
Brazil emphasized its ambitious emissions reduction commitments despite developmental challenges. Luiz Alberto Figueiredo Machado, Brazil's climate envoy, argued that developed nations bear the greatest burden of addressing climate change.
China called on the ICJ to avoid creating new legal obligations, urging adherence to frameworks like the Paris Agreement while underscoring the historical responsibility of developed countries.
India participated in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) hearings as one of the 96 countries presenting their views on States' obligations under international law to combat climate change. While the specifics of India’s statements during the ICJ proceedings are not detailed, the nation has consistently emphasized key principles in international climate negotiations, likely reflecting its stance. India is a strong advocate of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), underscoring that developed nations, as historical emitters, bear the primary responsibility for addressing climate change, given the differing capacities of developed and developing nations. It also champions equity and climate justice, arguing for fairness in policies that allow developing countries to pursue economic growth while tackling climate challenges. India supports the effective implementation of existing frameworks like the Paris Agreement rather than creating new binding obligations and emphasizes the need for developed countries to provide financial and technological support to help developing nations achieve climate goals without hindering their developmental priorities.
Diverging Stances: US vs EU: The United States acknowledged the climate crisis but dismissed the binding nature of international treaties like the Paris Agreement. Margaret Taylor, the US representative, argued against recognizing "common but differentiated responsibilities" as a fundamental principle.
Conversely, the European Union (EU) advocated for cooperation, emphasizing the non-adversarial nature of the advisory proceedings. While supporting existing climate treaties, the EU refrained from demanding enforcement mechanisms.
Non-Binding but Influential Outcomes: The ICJ’s advisory opinion, though non-binding, is anticipated to influence the trajectory of international climate law. It is expected to guide interpretations of States' responsibilities in mitigating the climate crisis and address legal questions surrounding sea-level rise and statehood.
Next Steps: Oral statements were presented by a wide array of countries and organizations, from small island developing States to major emitters, reflecting the global stakes. The verbatim records and multimedia materials from the hearings are publicly accessible on the ICJ's website.
The ICJ, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, will now deliberate and announce the date for delivering its advisory opinion in a public sitting.
For small island nations and vulnerable communities, the stakes remain existential. The outcome of these proceedings will significantly shape the global response to climate change and the legal framework for environmental accountability.
Overview of the International Court of Justice (ICJ): The ICJ serves as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, established in June 1945 under the United Nations Charter. The Court commenced its operations in April 1946 and is headquartered at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands.
Composition and Structure: The ICJ is composed of 15 judges, each elected for a nine-year term by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. This election process ensures the representation of the principal legal systems of the world, maintaining the Court’s impartiality and independence.
Mandate and Functions: The ICJ has a dual role:
Settlement of Legal Disputes:
The Court adjudicates disputes between States in accordance with international law. These disputes are submitted voluntarily by the concerned States, and the rulings are binding.
Advisory Opinions:
The ICJ provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred by duly authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. These opinions are non-binding but hold significant influence in shaping international law and policies.
Global Significance: As the primary judicial body of the UN, the ICJ plays a crucial role in promoting the rule of law, resolving conflicts peacefully, and contributing to the development of international legal norms. Its advisory opinions, though non-binding, often serve as authoritative interpretations of international law, influencing global governance and justice.
28th Dec 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
Forests are key in the fight against climate change. In a press communication, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has mentioned that forests absorb carbon, help preserve biodiversity and provide clean air and water. But pressures on the environment are making it harder for forests to thrive. Still, in India, there’s hope. The India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023 shows that forest and tree cover now spans 827,357 square kilometers, covering 25.17% of the country’s land. Of this, 715,343 square kilometers are forests, and 112,014 square kilometers are tree cover. This growth shows India’s efforts to balance development with environmental protection.
The ISFR 2023: An Overview
The ISFR is a detailed study published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), which tracks India’s forest resources using satellite data and on-the-ground information. The latest report, the 18th edition, provides a national assessment in two volumes:
Volume-I covers forest health, carbon stocks, fires, and changes over time.
Volume-II dives deeper into the forest cover in each state and union territory, with detailed local data.
Progress in Forest Cover
The report shows India’s forest cover has increased from 698,712 km² in 2013 to 715,343 km² in 2023. Fire incidents have also dropped, with 203,544 hotspots in 2023-24, down from 223,333 in 2021-22. Moreover, India has achieved a carbon sink of 30.43 billion tonnes of CO2, inching closer to its goal of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes by 2030.
Government Efforts to Boost Forest Cover
Several government initiatives are helping improve forest cover, such as:
National Mission for a Green India (GIM): Launched in 2014, this mission focuses on protecting, restoring, and expanding forest areas through community efforts. It has allocated ₹944.48 crore to 17 states for tree planting and restoration.
Nagar Van Yojana (NVY): Started in 2020, this scheme creates green spaces in urban areas. It has approved 546 projects across 31 states, with ₹431.77 crore in funding.
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI): This initiative aims to restore mangroves along India’s coasts, with ₹17.96 crore allocated for six coastal states.
Other schemes, like the National Coastal Mission and Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam (a tree-planting campaign), also play a part in boosting forest and tree cover.
Legal Framework for Protection
India has strong laws to protect forests and wildlife, such as the Indian Forest Act (1927) and the Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972). These laws help preserve habitats, create protected areas like national parks, and ensure sustainable forest use. Enforcement is carried out by state governments and union territories.
The Role of Individuals
Laws and schemes alone can’t drive change. It takes passionate individuals to make a real impact. Take Tulsi Gowda, for example, known as the "Mother of Trees" for planting and nurturing millions of trees over 60 years. Her work in Karnataka turned barren land into lush forests, leaving behind a powerful legacy.
What the Report Misses?
Between 1st April 2019 and 31st March 2024, a total of 95,724.99 hectares of forest land were approved for diversion under the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980. In response, the Ministry claims that compensatory afforestation efforts have successfully revitalized 252,000.44 hectares of land. This demonstrates a strong commitment to ecological restoration under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. However, the Ministry has not provided detailed information on the number of trees cut down or the survival rate of the saplings that have been planted, leaving some uncertainties about the long-term effectiveness of these efforts.
Conclusion
The 2023 India State of Forest Report highlights growth in forest and tree cover, a reduction in forest fires, and stronger agroforestry practices. However, during the December 2024 UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) COP16 summit in Riyadh, it was revealed that only 60% of the original global forests remain, with the safe limit being 75%. While India faces population pressure and growing reliance on infrastructure, mining, agriculture, and construction, the forest diversion data raises concerns about the authenticity of claims regarding forest growth. Moreover, the rising number of human-elephant conflicts and related deaths further questions the balance between conservation and development. To build trust and address these concerns, the Ministry must present more transparent data, ensuring the public is well-informed about the true state of the country's forests.
19th Dec 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
The latest episode of the "What India Needs!" podcast has ignited a much-needed discourse on the delicate equilibrium between industrial progress and environmental sustainability. Dr. TV Ramachandra, a luminary in the field of environmental science, joined forces with the astute media entrepreneur Shutapa Paul to delve into the pressing challenges that India faces in its urban development trajectory.
India's relentless pursuit of industrialization and infrastructural development has come at a steep cost to its natural heritage. The nation's verdant expanse, once a resplendent tapestry, has been gradually eroded. The alarming decline in forest cover, a stark reality underscored by data from the National Remote Sensing Centre and ISRO, serves as a poignant reminder of the urgent need for a paradigm shift.
Dr. Ramachandra, a stalwart advocate for ecological balance, emphasized the imperative of marrying industrial growth with environmental stewardship. He cautioned against a myopic focus on GDP, asserting that true prosperity lies in the preservation of natural resources. The looming water crisis, a specter haunting millions of Indians, further underscores the gravity of the situation.
As urban centers swell with burgeoning populations, the strain on existing infrastructure intensifies. Shutapa Paul highlighted the potential of Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities to alleviate the pressure on metropolises. By fostering economic growth and creating employment opportunities in these regions, India can mitigate urban congestion and environmental degradation.
Dr. Ramachandra proposed a cluster-based development model as a strategic approach to sustainable urbanization. By strategically locating industries in regions endowed with abundant natural resources, India can minimize environmental impact and optimize resource utilization.
Moreover, the advent of artificial intelligence offers immense potential to accelerate sustainable development. By automating tasks and optimizing processes, AI can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of industrial activities.
Initiatives like the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana exemplify India's commitment to renewable energy. By harnessing the power of the sun, the nation can reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.
Dr. Ramachandra's vision for a sustainable future is rooted in the harmonious integration of technology and nature. By leveraging advanced technologies to monitor and manage natural resources, India can strike a delicate balance between progress and preservation.
The conversation between Dr. Ramachandra and Shutapa Paul serves as a clarion call for urgent action. By embracing sustainable practices, investing in renewable energy, and prioritizing environmental conservation, India can forge a path towards a greener, more equitable future. The choices we make today will shape the destiny of generations to come. Watch the episode here: https://youtu.be/PVq7gaB0DWI
16th Dec 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
A recent study led by Dr. Asta Audzijonyte, a Pew Marine Fellow at the University of Tasmania's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), has shed light on the significant decline in large fish populations over the past century. The findings underscore the vital role of fish size diversity in maintaining healthy marine ecosystems and call for urgent global efforts to restore balance in the oceans.
Impact of Declining Big Fish Populations
Historically, fish populations were dominated by larger, longer-living species, which played a critical role in marine ecosystems through predation and resilience against environmental changes like marine heatwaves. However, due to overfishing and climate change, these large fish have become scarce, leading to destabilized ecosystems and jeopardized fish population sustainability.
“There’s a perception that the ocean is still full of big fish because we catch them using advanced gear, but historical records and data tell a different story,” said Dr. Audzijonyte. “Many fish populations today consist mostly of younger, smaller fish, which disrupts the natural balance in the ocean and impacts fisheries productivity.”
Recreational Fishing and Technological Advances
Recreational fishing has emerged as a significant contributor to the decline in fish sizes. In Tasmania, for example, the sand flathead fishery depends almost entirely on recreational fishing. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic spurred a global surge in recreational fishing activity, a trend that has persisted even after restrictions were lifted.
“Modern technology allows us to target large fish even in deep waters, once considered safe havens,” Dr. Audzijonyte noted, adding that anglers often target active fish, which are more likely to adapt to climate change.
Restoration and Marine Protected Areas
According to Dr. Audzijonyte, reversing this trend is possible within 10 to 20 years through collaborative efforts involving policymakers, scientists, anglers, and local communities. She emphasized the importance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in fostering the recovery of large fish populations, enhancing biodiversity, and preserving genetic diversity.
“These protected zones provide a sanctuary for large fish and allow smaller fish to grow and mature, creating a thriving marine ecosystem,” she said.
Dr. Audzijonyte’s team continues to gather critical data on fish size diversity to support sustainable fisheries management and enhance marine resilience to climate change.
Engaging Communities Through Education
To raise awareness about sustainable fishing practices, the IMAS team has developed an educational card game, Big Fish, set to launch on Kickstarter. Designed by IMAS Technical Officer Matthew Teston, the game allows players to strategize on maintaining a healthy fishing environment while facing real-world challenges.
“We hope this game not only serves as entertainment but also as a valuable educational tool to inspire communities and future generations to actively protect our oceans,” said Dr. Audzijonyte.
A Call for Action
The University of Tasmania study highlights the pressing need for integrated efforts to restore big fish populations and safeguard marine ecosystems. As climate change intensifies, preserving fish size diversity emerges as a tangible and essential step toward building resilience in the oceans.
26th Nov 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
India's social fabric is interwoven with a myriad of challenges, many of which have profound environmental implications. But a new wave of Indian NGOs is rising to the occasion, armed with innovative solutions and unwavering commitment. By thinking outside the box and embracing unconventional strategies, these organizations are addressing complex issues with grit and ingenuity. From reimagining education funding models to empowering rural women with solar energy, they are driving transformative change. Here are six such NGOs that are setting new standards and inspiring a brighter future.
Educate Girls has broken the mold by introducing the world’s first Development Impact Bond (DIB) in education, a trailblazing model that ties funding to tangible outcomes like improved enrollment and learning. The results speak volumes: enrollment targets exceeded by 116% and learning goals by 160%. Supported by partners like the UBS Optimus Foundation, Educate Girls exemplifies how performance-driven investments can deliver long-term impact while aligning with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles to support sustainable development.
People’s Planet is going the extra mile by combining technology and grassroots action to tackle urban environmental challenges. Through their flagship project, ‘Reclaim Bengaluru,’ they rally local communities to restore green spaces, turning barren areas into thriving ecosystems. With tools like Tree Tag, the initiative simplifies every step, from planting to growth tracking, ensuring no tree is left behind. Collaborating with local governments, People’s Planet is creating a legacy of urban conservation that is both community-driven and ESG-compliant.
Barefoot College has proven that empowering women is the key to lighting up rural India—literally. By training women, often grandmothers, as solar engineers, they are putting the power of renewable energy directly into the hands of those who need it most. With over 1,000 women solar engineers trained in 90 countries, this initiative is a shining example of how skills development and sustainable technology can illuminate lives and promote gender equity.
Goonj has hit the nail on the head by addressing urban waste and rural poverty in one fell swoop. Through “Cloth for Work,” discarded urban clothing is repurposed and exchanged for labor in rural communities, creating a win-win solution. This innovative model is a textbook example of the circular economy in action, tackling waste management while fostering rural development. Goonj’s efforts align with ESG goals by blending social responsibility with environmental sustainability.
For survivors of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, Sambhavna Trust Clinic offers a beacon of hope through its holistic approach to healthcare. Combining physical treatment, mental health support, yoga, and counseling, the clinic leaves no stone unturned in addressing the needs of survivors. By focusing on mind, body, and spirit, Sambhavna not only heals but also rebuilds lives, setting an example of people-centric healthcare that aligns with ESG principles of social well-being.
Pratham’s “Read India” program is proof that where there’s a will, there’s a way. By leveraging technology to assess and improve literacy and numeracy, Pratham has created a scalable, cost-effective model to ensure every child has access to quality education. This initiative bridges the urban-rural divide, empowering communities to take ownership of education and build a brighter future, leaving no child behind.
These six NGOs illustrate how innovative approaches can address complex social challenges effectively. By combining creative solutions with practical implementation and a commitment to measurable outcomes, they highlight the potential for meaningful, sustainable change. Their work serves as a testament to the power of fresh ideas and dedicated efforts in fostering progress across diverse sectors.
25th Nov 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn
Sunita Mishra, Editor
Negotiators at COP29, the United Nations climate summit held in Baku, Azerbaijan, reached a historic agreement early yesterday aimed at aiding developing countries in their transition to cleaner energy and helping them cope with the impacts of climate change. Under the agreement, wealthier nations have pledged to ramp up support to $300 billion per year by 2035, a significant increase from the previous target of $100 billion.
However, the deal was met with criticism from several delegates, who deemed the financial commitment insufficient. Independent experts estimate that developing countries need $1.3 trillion annually to tackle the challenges of climate adaptation and energy transition. The deal’s figures are far below this figure, and critics argue that the financing promised by developed nations falls short of addressing the pressing needs of the global south.
The agreement also includes provisions for countries to submit updated emissions-reduction pledges by February, creating a sense of urgency for countries to act on their climate commitments. As the climate talks in Baku concluded, negotiators quickly turned their attention to another critical issue: plastic pollution. The first-ever U.N. treaty aimed at curbing plastic pollution is set to be discussed in Busan, South Korea.
This year’s summit, amid record-breaking heatwaves and extreme weather, focused on securing financial support for developing nations. The goal was to mobilize $1.3 trillion annually by 2035 to help vulnerable countries adapt to climate change and move away from fossil fuels. Despite these ambitious goals, the outcome has left many dissatisfied, particularly developing nations that continue to grapple with the inadequacy of climate finance commitments.
While wealthy nations have pledged $300 billion annually by 2035, the financial commitment is widely seen as a compromise, falling short of the $1.3 trillion needed. The United States and Japan, two of the world’s largest fossil fuel producers, were particularly hesitant to provide further financial resources, leaving developing countries to negotiate the terms of the deal.
As the world continues to face a climate crisis that has already claimed more than half a million lives in the past two decades due to extreme weather, the question remains whether this deal will suffice to address the growing environmental challenges. COP29 also highlighted the difficulties in negotiating climate finance amidst shifting geopolitics, particularly with the re-election of Donald Trump in the U.S., which added a layer of uncertainty.
Finance Commitment: The commitment to reach $300 billion per year by 2035 is a step forward, but the $1.3 trillion target remains distant. The deal aims to increase financial support for the most vulnerable nations, including Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). However, there is little clarity on how these funds will be allocated and whether they will be in the form of grants or loans. This uncertainty has raised concerns about whether developing countries will be able to access the necessary resources for their climate adaptation and mitigation efforts.
Adaptation Funds: The agreement triples the flows of adaptation funding, acknowledging the need to provide public financing for the most vulnerable countries. However, it remains unclear how these funds will be distributed and whether the financial instruments will be accessible to the countries that need them most. Developing nations, including India, have raised concerns that the financing is inadequate to address the enormity of the climate challenge.
Carbon Markets and Mitigation Efforts: Another contentious issue at COP29 was the agreement on carbon markets. While a deal on government-to-government carbon markets was struck, experts warn that the rules are too loose and may allow fossil fuel interests to undermine progress. The global stocktake on emissions and climate action is expected in 2025, and it will be critical for countries to show tangible progress in reducing fossil fuel consumption.
The deal was met with objections from several countries, including India, which expressed dissatisfaction with the final agreement. Chandni Raina, India’s representative, stated, “I regret to say that this document is nothing more than an optical illusion. This, in our opinion, will not address the enormity of the challenge we all face. Therefore, we oppose the adoption of this document.”
Indian and global climate experts echoed similar concerns. Aarti Khosla, Director at Climate Trends, noted, “The decision to have a new climate finance goal has been marred with the difficulties of squeezing any money out of the developed world, which is under obligation to provide resources.” Dipak Dasgupta, a distinguished fellow at TERI, added that the financial commitment would make a difference if it comes in the form of grants or highly concessional public money, but details on this remain unclear.
R R Rashmi, another TERI fellow, was particularly critical of the outcome, stating, “The goal of USD 300 billion adopted yesterday bodes ill for the future of the NCQG and the collective efforts to address climate change. The declared goal is clearly a prisoner of the geopolitics of the present times and is paltry compared to the financing needs of mitigation and adaptation faced by the developing world.”
International voices were also divided. Li Shuo, Director of the China Climate Hub, called the deal a “flawed compromise” that reflects the difficult geopolitical terrain of the times. He added that China’s growing transparency regarding its financial support to developing countries could play a larger role in future climate negotiations.
Tina Stege, the climate envoy for the Marshall Islands, condemned the fossil fuel interests that blocked progress, stating, “Despite the barriers, we’ve fought hard and secured something for our communities. We are leaving with a small portion of the funding climate-vulnerable countries urgently need. It isn’t nearly enough, but it’s a start.”
The outcome of COP29 sets the stage for next year’s summit in Brazil, where leaders will need to address the gaps in climate financing and emissions reductions. The next major milestone is the submission of national climate plans by February, where the world will expect more ambitious commitments from developed nations. COP30 in Brazil, dubbed the “turnaround COP” by Brazilian President Lula, will be crucial in charting a more ambitious path forward.
While COP29 marked a hard-fought agreement amid challenging geopolitics, the path to meaningful climate action remains fraught with obstacles. The deal reached in Baku is a step forward, but much work lies ahead to ensure that vulnerable countries receive the support they need to tackle the climate crisis.
(The article contains data, information, inputs provided by Climate Trends)
15th Oct 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
October 15th marks the annual celebration of Global Handwashing Day, a global advocacy day dedicated to promoting the simple yet powerful act of handwashing with soap. The Global Handwashing Day theme for this year, "Why are clean hands still important?", underscores the enduring significance of this practice in safeguarding public health and preventing the spread of diseases.
A Brief History
Global Handwashing Day was first initiated in 2008 by the Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP). Since then, it has grown into a worldwide movement, with participation from over 100 countries. The day serves as a platform to raise awareness about the importance of hand hygiene, encourage governments, schools, and communities to prioritize cleanliness, and promote sustainable behavior changes related to handwashing practices.
The Benefits of Hand Hygiene
Hand hygiene, whether through handwashing with soap or alcohol-based handrub, is a cornerstone of disease prevention. It can help reduce the transmission of a wide range of illnesses, including:
Diarrheal diseases: Handwashing with soap can reduce diarrheal diseases by up to 30%.
Acute respiratory infections: Handwashing with soap can reduce acute respiratory infections by up to 20%.
Outbreak-related pathogens: Handwashing plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of diseases such as cholera, Ebola, shigellosis, SARS, hepatitis E, COVID-19, and monkeypox.
Healthcare-associated infections: Hand hygiene helps reduce the transmission of infections within healthcare settings.
Antimicrobial resistance: Proper hand hygiene contributes to mitigating the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Neglected Tropical Diseases: Hand hygiene may play a role in reducing the burden of certain Neglected Tropical Diseases.
Improved well-being: Beyond disease prevention, hand hygiene is linked to reduced school absenteeism, improved wellbeing, dignity, and productivity.
Mistakes to Avoid When Washing Hands
While handwashing is a simple act, it's essential to do it correctly to maximize its effectiveness. Common mistakes to avoid include:
Skipping soap: Soap is crucial for breaking down dirt and oils on the hands, removing germs more effectively.
Washing for too little time: Scrubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds is recommended.
Not drying hands properly: Wet hands can transfer germs more easily.
Touching dirty surfaces after washing: Avoid touching contaminated surfaces immediately after washing your hands.
Not scrubbing all parts of the hand: Ensure you wash all areas, including the back of your hands, between fingers, and under your nails.
Using excessively hot water: Warm or cold water is sufficient; hot water can dry out the skin.
Handwashing in India: A Cultural Tradition
Handwashing has deep cultural and religious roots in India. It is considered a fundamental aspect of personal hygiene and cleanliness, often tied to religious practices and social etiquette.
Religious significance: Handwashing is a common practice before and after meals, as well as before performing religious rituals in Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, and Jainism.
Social etiquette: It is customary for hosts to wash their guests' hands upon arrival as a gesture of hospitality.
Cultural practices: Handwashing is emphasized during festivals and celebrations and is promoted through public health initiatives.
The Importance of Hand Hygiene for Governments, Donors, and Schools
Hand hygiene is a critical component of public health and global health security. Governments, donors, and schools play vital roles in promoting and supporting handwashing practices.
For governments:
Disease prevention: Prioritizing hand hygiene can prevent disease outbreaks and strengthen a nation's resilience against global health threats.
Cost-effective: Hand hygiene programs are cost-effective and can reduce the burden on health services.
Economic benefits: Investing in hand hygiene can boost the economy by reducing healthcare costs and promoting productivity.
Sustainable development: Hand hygiene aligns with multiple sustainable development goals, including water and sanitation, nutrition, education, health, and economic growth.
For donors:
Healthier communities: Supporting hand hygiene initiatives can reduce infectious diseases, leading to better health and productivity.
Economic growth: Investments in hand hygiene can enhance economic resilience and empower communities.
Social well-being: Hand hygiene promotes social equity and improves the overall well-being of societies.
For schools:
Reduced absenteeism: Promoting hand hygiene can prevent illness and ensure consistent attendance.
Improved learning environment: A healthy school environment fosters better learning and development.
Cost-effective: Investing in handwashing facilities and programs can be cost-effective compared to the costs of treating illnesses.
Conclusion
Global Handwashing Day serves as a reminder of the simple yet powerful impact of hand hygiene on public health. By understanding the benefits, avoiding common mistakes, and promoting handwashing practices, we can contribute to healthier communities and a safer world.
30th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
by Sunita Mishra
On 29 June 2023, the European Union (EU) took a significant step in its environmental policy framework with the enforcement of the Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products. This regulation marks a pivotal move towards addressing the root causes of deforestation and forest degradation, particularly linked to agricultural expansion driven by the production of commodities such as cattle, cocoa, palm oil, soy, rubber, and more. As a major economy and consumer of these products, the EU acknowledges its responsibility and aims to lead the way in mitigating this pressing global issue.
The Imperative of Action
Deforestation and forest degradation are escalating concerns, significantly contributing to climate change and the loss of biodiversity. The primary catalyst for these environmental crises is the expansion of agricultural land to meet the demands for commodities. With a growing global population, the pressure on forests is expected to intensify, compounding the challenges posed by climate change and threatening food security.
Historically, the EU's legislative framework, including the EU Timber Regulation and the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, has addressed illegal logging but fell short of tackling the deforestation caused by agricultural practices. The new regulation seeks to fill this gap, reflecting the EU's commitment to sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Key Objectives of the Regulation
The Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products aims to achieve several critical objectives:
Prevent Deforestation: Ensure that commodities consumed within the EU do not contribute to deforestation or forest degradation, both in the EU and globally.
Reduce Carbon Emissions: Target a reduction of carbon emissions linked to the consumption and production of these commodities by at least 32 million metric tonnes annually.
Address Agricultural Expansion: Tackle all forms of deforestation driven by agricultural expansion associated with the listed commodities, thus aiming for comprehensive ecological restoration.
Implementation Framework
To facilitate the regulation's objectives, the EU has established a monitoring framework, including the EU Observatory on Deforestation and Forest Degradation. This observatory builds on existing tools like Copernicus and provides public access to information regarding supply chains, changes in global forest cover, and the drivers of deforestation.
Furthermore, the "Team Europe Initiative on Deforestation-Free Value Chains" has been launched to support partner countries in transitioning to sustainable agricultural practices. This collaborative effort involves the European Commission and EU Member States, with an initial funding package of €70 million earmarked for implementation.
The Due Diligence Requirement
Under the new regulation, all operators and traders who place the specified commodities on the EU market or export them must demonstrate that these products do not originate from land deforested after 31 December 2020. This requirement underscores the importance of robust due diligence processes. Operators will be mandated to submit electronic Due Diligence Statements (DDS) through a newly established registry, ensuring compliance with the regulation's stipulations.
Engaging Stakeholders
The regulation was informed by extensive stakeholder consultations, with nearly 1.2 million contributions received during the Open Public Consultation conducted in 2020. A significant majority of stakeholders expressed the need for an EU-level intervention to curb deforestation and supported the establishment of a legally binding deforestation-free definition.
The preferred policy option involves a benchmarking system categorizing countries based on their deforestation patterns, allowing for differentiated obligations based on the level of risk associated with the country of production.
Anticipated Benefits and Challenges
The implementation of the regulation is projected to yield significant benefits. It is estimated that by 2030, the EU-driven deforestation could be reduced by over 71,920 hectares of forest annually, translating to a decrease of at least 31.9 million metric tonnes of carbon emissions. This could result in economic savings of around €3.2 billion annually while contributing positively to biodiversity preservation.
However, there are potential challenges. Smallholder producers may face adaptation difficulties, and there could be shifts in EU trade patterns towards lower-risk producer countries. The regulation’s cut-off date of 2020 is anticipated to mitigate some of these issues by ensuring that most products currently in trade are sourced from land that was already in production before this date.
Conclusion
The Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products represents a significant stride toward sustainability within the EU's consumption landscape. By holding operators accountable for their supply chains and fostering a demand for legally sourced, deforestation-free commodities, the EU aims to position itself as a global leader in the fight against deforestation. The forthcoming implementation phases will be crucial in determining the regulation's effectiveness and its impact on global commodity markets. As the EU continues to evolve its environmental policies, the success of this regulation will likely serve as a blueprint for similar initiatives worldwide, reinforcing the interconnectedness of global environmental stewardship.
The timeline for the regulation's full application includes a phased approach, with all operators expected to comply by 30 December 2024, and micro and small enterprises granted an additional period until 30 June 2025. This regulatory framework not only addresses immediate environmental concerns but also paves the way for a more sustainable and equitable global trade system in agricultural commodities.
26th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
Water conservation has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges faced by India, and addressing this issue requires a multi-dimensional approach. In this context, the Secretary of the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR, RD & GR), Ms. Debashree Mukherjee, chaired a high-level meeting in New Delhi on 26th September 2024 to discuss the modalities for achieving inter-sectoral convergence in constructing artificial recharge structures for rainwater harvesting under the Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) initiative. This initiative forms an integral part of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain (JSA) 2024 campaign. The meeting witnessed the participation of senior officials from key ministries, reflecting the government’s commitment to making water conservation a national priority.
The JSJB initiative was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6th September 2024 in Surat, Gujarat. Its primary objective is to emphasize community engagement (Jan Bhagidari) and adopt a holistic approach to water conservation that integrates efforts across various government sectors. The discussions at the meeting underscored the importance of collaboration among ministries to prioritize the construction of artificial recharge structures such as borewell recharge systems and recharge shafts, which are crucial for enhancing groundwater levels and ensuring long-term water sustainability.
A major focus of the meeting was the development of an action plan for the implementation of rainwater harvesting structures. Ministries and departments were requested to conduct a thorough review of existing rainwater harvesting systems within their jurisdiction and create a mission-mode action plan that focuses on the saturation of potential for groundwater replenishment. This approach aligns with the government's broader efforts to secure India’s water resources through sustainable management practices.
The role of each partner ministry/department in water conservation was another critical topic. Ministries were encouraged to leverage their existing schemes and resources to support the large-scale construction of artificial recharge structures. This would include setting internal targets based on available land and office premises to expedite implementation and create a widespread impact. Ministries were also urged to take ownership of the initiative, ensuring that their efforts align with the national agenda of securing water sustainability.
Community engagement is a cornerstone of the JSJB initiative. Ministries with vast grassroots-level networks, such as Education and Youth Affairs, were advised to mobilize these networks to raise awareness about water conservation and promote widespread participation. This would empower communities to take an active role in protecting and conserving local water resources.
In terms of technical solutions, the ministries were directed to focus on affordable and localized artificial recharge structures that can address the specific needs of different communities. Collaboration with Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and industries was also discussed, with an emphasis on mobilizing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds to support these initiatives. This would ensure that water conservation efforts are not only economically viable but also scalable across the country.
To ensure accountability and monitor progress, a real-time dashboard is being developed on the JSA: Catch the Rain portal. Ministries and departments were requested to ensure that their Central Ministry Nodal Officers (CMNOs) regularly update the portal, facilitating efficient tracking of activities and outcomes. The dashboard will play a crucial role in assessing the progress of water conservation efforts across sectors and regions.
The meeting highlighted the critical importance of coordinated efforts across ministries and sectors, emphasizing a unified approach to making water conservation a national priority. With water scarcity being one of the biggest challenges facing the country, the JSJB initiative represents a flagship effort to secure long-term water sustainability and resilience. The inter-sectoral convergence discussed at this meeting aims to ensure that every ministry and department contributes effectively to the construction of artificial recharge structures, community engagement, and overall water conservation.
This convergence not only strengthens the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain campaign but also reflects the government’s proactive stance on addressing the country’s water crisis through an integrated, community-driven, and government-supported approach.
13th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
India boasts the world’s second-largest bamboo reserves, second only to China. With over 136 species thriving across the country, particularly in the northeastern states, bamboo plays a pivotal role in both forests and industries. Covering 13% of India’s forest area, bamboo provides livelihoods for millions and serves as a sustainable alternative to timber and plastic. From traditional handmade pens known as kalam or boru to its use in construction, handicrafts, and eco-friendly products, bamboo’s legacy in India is rich and varied.
On World Bamboo Day, we spotlight startups from the Greenr Sustainability Accelerator program by TechnoServe that are harnessing bamboo to drive environmental and social impact. From eco-friendly toothbrushes to compostable bandages, these trailblazers are proving that bamboo is the "wise man’s timber" for the 21st century.
A Bandage That Heals Your Wounds—and the Earth
For every time you heal a bruise, you also help the earth. Sounds like an enticing proposition, right? Bengaluru-based Earthlings Design offers a sustainable healthcare solution with Marham Bamboo Bandages, one of India’s first compostable bamboo bandages. These bandages naturally break down, minimizing landfill waste and eliminating risks for waste handlers. Earthlings is bringing sustainability to healthcare by creating products that are as good for the planet as they are for people.
Gifts from Nature, for Nature
The value of a well-thought-out gift is unmatched. To You From Me (TYFM Enterprises) simplifies sustainable gifting with eco-friendly kits for the hospitality industry. Their kits include a seed notebook, seed pen, neem comb, bamboo brush, and tongue cleaner, combining practicality with sustainability. TYFM Enterprises is at the forefront of revolutionizing corporate gifting by blending innovation with a deep commitment to environmental responsibility. It’s not just a gift to your loved ones but also a gift for nature.
Their corporate joinee kits are crafted from biodegradable materials and recycled paper, making gifts thoughtful for both recipients and nature. TYFM Enterprises collaborates with forward-thinking companies looking to integrate environmental responsibility into their brand identity.
Redefining Sustainability with Biocomposites
Pacing Grass uses cutting-edge biocomposite technology to create a diverse range of products by blending bamboo, rice husk, and other agricultural residues. Their eco-friendly biocomposite materials reduce carbon footprints by at least 40% compared to conventional alternatives. Pacing Grass offers various products made from these sustainable materials, including household items, tableware, and engineering components. Their flagship product, the V0 fire-retardant material, can replace traditional plastics in electrical equipment like junction boxes and light fixtures.
Your Eco-friendly ‘Saathi’
Dedicated to creating eco-friendly alternatives, Eco Saathi uses bamboo, neem wood, and agricultural residues to design sustainable products. Their range includes biodegradable toothbrushes, bamboo tongue cleaners, pen stands, hangers, and more, all aimed at reducing plastic waste and air pollution. By collaborating with local artisans and farmers in their production process, the company also supports livelihoods. Their other products include handmade soaps, sabai grass planters & coasters, and neem wood combs.
Pioneering Green Office Stationery and Home Decor
Kerala-based IraaLoom creates eco-friendly handicrafts and home decor using bamboo, recycled paper, cork, and organic fabrics. Sourced from responsibly managed forests and sustainable suppliers, their range of products—ideal for gifting—includes stationery, jewelry, kitchenware, and beauty products, all of which are compostable or recyclable. By supporting traditional craftsmanship, IraaLoom helps preserve cultural knowledge and techniques, thereby encouraging economic sustainability and contributing to cultural heritage conservation.
At the Greenr Sustainability Accelerator Program by TechnoServe, we are proud to work with these businesses. They are part of a group of passionate and innovative founders committed to mitigating climate degradation. The program, now in its second cohort, supports 150 startups across various sectors such as energy, waste management, agritech, green construction, textiles, forestry, personal care, and other D2C brands. Its aim is to mentor 350 sustainability-focused startups, unlocking innovation, growing revenue, creating jobs, and scaling environmental impact.
13th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
The report on record-breaking temperatures puts a spotlight on a critical issue—water. In India, millions grapple with water shortages as demand skyrockets in farms, offices, and homes. This year's extended heatwave has only added fuel to the fire, deepening the crisis in many areas, including the capital city, Delhi, and the tech hub, Bengaluru. Water conservation has truly become the need of the hour in a country struggling with scarcity and poor management.
To tackle this looming crisis, India has rolled out several projects. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ initiative on 6th September 2024, in Surat, Gujarat. This marks a giant leap forward in addressing water challenges. Alongside this, the government has introduced several other programs, such as the Jal Shakti Abhiyan, MGNREGS, and Atal Bhujal Yojana. These initiatives clearly reflect the government’s determination to secure India's water future through teamwork, sustainable practices, and heightened awareness.
Under the ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ program, around 24,800 rainwater harvesting structures are being constructed across Gujarat. The aim is straightforward—capture rainwater and promote its sustainable use. This initiative calls for all hands on deck, bringing together citizens, government bodies, and NGOs. It embodies a "whole-of-society" and "whole-of-government" approach, taking a leaf from the successful Jal Sanchay initiative by Gujarat. The new structures will be a lifeline, enhancing rainwater storage and bolstering long-term water security in the region.
The government has pulled out all the stops to promote water conservation and rainwater harvesting across the country:
MGNREGS and Water Conservation: The MGNREGS includes various projects focused on water conservation and harvesting. It provides financial support to states for rainwater harvesting.
Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): Launched in 2019, this campaign runs yearly. The 2024 edition, titled “Catch the Rain,” covers every district in India, both rural and urban. It brings together funds and schemes from different sources, including MGNREGS, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), and the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY). Key actions under this campaign include building and repairing rainwater harvesting structures, such as rooftop and groundwater recharge systems.
AMRUT 2.0: This program focuses on channeling rainwater through storm drains into clean water bodies. The mission promotes creating an “Aquifer Management Plan” for cities to map out strategies to improve rainwater harvesting within their limits. Public awareness campaigns are part and parcel of this effort.
Urban Water Conservation Guidelines: The Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs has crafted guidelines like the Unified Building Bye-Laws (UBBL) for Delhi, Model Building Bye-Laws (MBBL), and Urban and Regional Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (URDPFI) Guidelines. These outline rainwater harvesting and water conservation practices tailored to local needs.
Atal Bhujal Yojana: This scheme targets 8,213 water-stressed Gram Panchayats in 80 districts across seven states—Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. It marks a shift from groundwater development to groundwater management.
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY): With the slogan "Har Khet Ko Pani," this program aims to enhance water access on farms, improve irrigation efficiency, and introduce sustainable water conservation practices.
Bureau of Water Use Efficiency (BWUE): Established in 2022, the BWUE serves as a promoter of efficient water use across sectors like irrigation, drinking water, power generation, and industries.
Mission Amrit Sarovar: Recently implemented, this mission aims to create or rejuvenate at least 75 water bodies—Amrit Sarovars—in every district to conserve water.
National Aquifer Mapping Project: The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has completed the mapping of aquifers over a vast area of 25 lakh sq. km. The data is shared with state agencies for better water management planning.
Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Groundwater - 2020: Prepared by CGWB, this plan provides a framework for building over 1.42 crore rainwater harvesting structures to capture 185 Billion Cubic Metres (BCM) of monsoon rainfall.
National Water Policy (2012): This policy advocates rainwater harvesting and water conservation, stressing the need to make the most of direct rainfall use.
Watershed Development Component of PMKSY (WDC-PMKSY): Managed by the Department of Land Resources, this program focuses on rainfed and degraded lands, aiming to enhance natural resource management and build climate resilience for farmers.
The ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ initiative is a shining example of how community involvement, backed by solid government policies, can lead to meaningful progress in water conservation. By building thousands of rainwater harvesting structures and integrating multiple central schemes, India is laying the groundwork for long-term water security. These combined efforts, involving both citizens and government bodies, represent a holistic approach to tackling water scarcity. With continued focus on sustainable water management and promoting efficient water use, India can pave the way for a water-secure future. If implemented well, these strategies will yield substantial improvements in managing water scarcity. #JalSanchayJanBhagidari
5th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
BMW has announced a significant commitment to reduce CO2 emissions and accelerate its transition to electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). According to a report by ESG Today, the luxury automaker aims to reduce CO2 emissions per vehicle by at least 40% across the full lifecycle—including supply chain, production, and product use—by 2030. As part of this strategy, BMW plans for 50% of its global sales to comprise battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by the same year.
The announcement comes alongside BMW's ongoing efforts to develop fuel cell technology, highlighted by the recent launch of its iX5 Hydrogen pilot fleet worldwide. The company unveiled the iX5 as a concept vehicle in 2019 and introduced pilot vehicles early last year, signaling its view of fuel cell electric vehicle technology as a potential complement to the battery-electric vehicles. Oliver Zipse, Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG, hailed the upcoming FCEV as a significant milestone, stating, "This is a milestone in automotive history: the first-ever series production fuel cell vehicle to be offered by a global premium manufacturer." He added that the collaboration with Toyota would help shape future mobility and herald an era of substantial demand for FCEVs.
Collaboration with Toyota Expands
BMW's hydrogen vehicle ambitions are bolstered by an expanded collaboration with Toyota, focusing on developing next-generation fuel cell systems. Toyota, which has been collaborating with BMW on fuel cell drive systems since 2013, provided the individual fuel cells for the iX5 hydrogen vehicles. The two companies aim to create synergies in development and procurement, driving down costs to make FCEVs more accessible for both commercial and passenger vehicles. The partnership also seeks to promote hydrogen infrastructure development, collaborating with hydrogen producers and distributors to ensure a stable hydrogen supply and reduce associated costs.
Koji Sato, President of Toyota, highlighted the shared vision between the two companies, stating, "In our long history of partnership, we have confirmed that BMW and Toyota share the same passion for cars and belief in ‘technology openness’ and a ‘multi-pathway’ approach to carbon neutrality." He further emphasized that the collaboration aims to realize a hydrogen society, expanding infrastructure, and advancing next-generation fuel cell systems.
Volvo Cars Revises Electrification Goals Amid Market Headwinds
In a contrasting development, Volvo Cars announced a shift in its electrification strategy, pulling back on its earlier target to offer only fully electric vehicles by 2030. The company has now allowed room for up to 10% of sales to include mild hybrid models and the rest to be plug-in hybrids. Volvo cited challenges in the automotive market’s electrification transition as the reason for the adjustment.
Volvo initially set its electrification goal in 2021, aiming to become a fully electric car company by 2030 and phase out all models with internal combustion engines (ICEs), including hybrids. The revised plan, however, still maintains the company's commitment to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. The new targets include reducing CO2 emissions per car by 65% to 75% by 2030, compared to its previous goal of a 75% reduction, and reducing CO2 emissions by 30% to 35% by 2025, compared to the prior 40% reduction goal.
Implications for Indian Car Manufacturers
The developments in BMW and Volvo Cars' electrification strategies and the expanded focus on hydrogen technology raise pertinent questions about the future direction for Indian car manufacturers. India’s automotive sector faces significant challenges due to rising pollution levels and stringent regulatory norms. There is a growing push for green and sustainable mobility solutions. However, the transition to a fully electric or hydrogen-driven market requires substantial investment in technology development, supply chain management, and infrastructure.
The collaboration between BMW and Toyota exemplifies how global automotive leaders are adopting a "multi-pathway" approach to achieving carbon neutrality, combining electric, hybrid, and hydrogen technologies to cater to diverse market needs. For Indian car manufacturers, a similar diversified approach could help navigate the complexities of the market while meeting environmental goals. The adoption of alternative fuel technologies, such as hydrogen fuel cells, could also help alleviate pollution concerns, especially in metropolitan cities grappling with high levels of vehicular emissions.
Given the focus on reducing carbon footprints and enhancing clean energy solutions, Indian car manufacturers may need to explore partnerships, both domestically and internationally, to leverage technology advancements and build a sustainable future for the automotive industry. As the global automotive landscape evolves, the question remains whether Indian manufacturers will follow similar lines and seize the opportunity to lead in sustainable mobility solutions.
29th August 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
On 21st August 2024, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change issued a draft notification titled the "Remediation of Contaminated Sites Rules, 2024", under S.O. 3550 (E). Enviro Annotations has recently published a YouTube Video on contaminated sites in India. Click here to Watch
Rule 3 of the draft notification outlines various definitions. Enviro Annotations presents a selection of key definitions for your understanding.
Confirmed Contaminated Site: An area where, after a detailed investigation, contaminants are found at levels equal to or above the response level and higher than the background level as specified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
Probable Contaminated Site: An area where contaminants exceed screening levels based on a preliminary assessment, requiring further investigation to determine the need for remediation.
Investigated Site: A site where contaminants are found at or below screening or background levels, posing negligible risk to health and the environment.
Orphan Site: A contaminated site where responsible parties cannot be traced, necessitating the use of public funds for investigation and remediation.
Remediated Site: A site where remediation and post-remediation measures have been completed for its intended use.
Restricted Site: A site with residual contamination requiring land use and activity restrictions after remediation.
Suspected Contaminated Site: An area suspected of contamination, warranting investigation and potential remediation activities.
The rules also clarify that "discharge" refers to any act of spilling, releasing, leaking, or disposing of contaminants into the environment, including in containers.
Additionally, the draft rules establish the concept of "Background Levels," which refer to the concentration of substances in soils that remain unaffected by the introduction of contaminants. These levels can be naturally occurring or anthropogenic, with the latter including substances present due to human activities but not specifically linked to the contaminated site.
The rules further introduce the "Environmental Relief Fund," as established under the Public Liability Insurance Act of 1991, and define "financial security" as deposits or bank guarantees required for remediation, as directed by the Committee.
The draft rules also provide for "Voluntary Remediation," which refers to remediation activities undertaken in accordance with Rule 13 of these regulations. This provision allows for certain types of remediation to be carried out voluntarily by the responsible parties, under the oversight of the relevant authorities.
28th August 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
On 21st August 2024, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change issued a draft notification titled the "Remediation of Contaminated Sites Rules, 2024", under S.O. 3550 (E). This move aims to tackle the growing issue of areas contaminated by toxic and hazardous substances, posing risks to human health and the environment, including flora and fauna. Enviro Annotations has recently published a YouTube Video on contaminated sites in India. Click here to Watch
The draft notification under Rule 6 assigns Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and District Level Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) the responsibility to manage contaminated sites within their jurisdictions, excluding industrial areas. They must compile and submit an inventory of suspected contaminated sites to the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), based on public complaints, prior studies, and location-specific risks.
These sites are then subjected to preliminary assessments to determine if they qualify as probable contaminated sites. ULBs/PRIs are also tasked with conducting detailed investigations of these sites and submitting annual inventories of their findings to the CPCB. Additionally, they must report orphan contaminated sites, file annual returns on site status, and assess public petitions related to contamination.
Restrictions are placed on changes in land use, ownership, or site activities on probable or confirmed contaminated sites without prior approval. ULBs/PRIs must also submit an annual inventory of remediated sites to the SPCB and ensure the implementation, enforcement, and monitoring of these rules through existing environmental committees.
27th August 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
The United Nations has released a concerning report on the rising sea levels, revealing that oceans have risen by approximately 20-23 centimeters (8-9 inches) since 1880. This significant increase poses a grave threat to coastal regions and island nations, with implications that extend far beyond environmental concerns.
What is sea level rise? Sea level rise refers to the increasing height of the world's oceans. This phenomenon is primarily driven by two factors: the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and the thermal expansion of seawater as it warms. As land ice melts, the water flows into the oceans, contributing to the rise in sea levels. Additionally, warmer water expands, further exacerbating this issue. The effects of climate change, particularly global warming, have accelerated these processes, leading to the current state of alarm.
The United Nations has addressed this critical issue in an article titled "What is sea level rise and why does it matter to our future?" by Daniel Dickinson. In recent discussions, UN Secretary-General António Guterres has highlighted the severity of the situation during his visits to Pacific Ocean nations, including Tonga and Samoa, where he engaged with local communities directly affected by rising sea levels. These visits underscore the importance of addressing this growing crisis.
On September 25th, global leaders and experts will convene at the United Nations to discuss strategies to combat the escalating threat of sea level rise. The stakes are high, as the average global sea level reached a record high in 2023, according to data from the UN’s World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Satellite records, which have been kept since 1993, indicate that the rate of sea level rise in the last decade has more than doubled compared to the first decade of recorded data.
The consequences of rising sea levels are vast and far-reaching. Coastal habitats, including coral reefs and fish stocks, are at risk of severe damage due to saltwater flooding. Agricultural lands and infrastructure, including housing, are also vulnerable. The contamination of freshwater supplies by saltwater intrusion can lead to waterborne diseases and exacerbate health issues within affected communities. Furthermore, the loss of tourism revenues, particularly in small island developing states (SIDS), can cripple local economies as beaches, resorts, and other tourist attractions suffer damage.
The social and economic fabric of vulnerable nations is under threat, with the potential for large-scale displacement of populations. Communities may be forced to relocate to higher ground or migrate altogether, leading to significant disruptions in livelihoods and economies. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has aptly described sea level rise as a "threat multiplier," emphasizing its capacity to exacerbate existing challenges.
The link between rising sea levels and climate change is undeniable. As global temperatures increase, the oceans absorb much of the excess heat, causing the water to expand. This process, known as thermal expansion, is a major contributor to sea level rise. Additionally, the loss of natural barriers such as mangrove forests, which protect coastal habitats and sequester carbon, creates a feedback loop that further accelerates climate change and sea level rise.
Which countries are most affected? Countries most affected by rising sea levels include densely populated coastal nations like Bangladesh, China, India, the Netherlands, and Pakistan. Major cities such as Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Lagos, London, Mumbai, New York, and Shanghai are also at risk of catastrophic flooding. Small island nations, particularly in the Pacific, face the most critical threats, with some communities already being forced to relocate due to rising waters.
What can be done to counter sea level rise? To counter sea level rise, the most crucial action is to slow down global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation and adaptation efforts are essential and must include building infrastructure like sea walls, improving drainage systems, restoring natural barriers, and enhancing disaster risk reduction plans. In some cases, managed retreat, or the relocation of communities from vulnerable coastal areas, may be necessary.
It is essential to address some frequently asked questions (FAQs) to deepen the understanding of sea level rise:
How is sea level defined? Sea level refers to the average height of the ocean's surface, serving as the base level for measuring elevation and depth on Earth. It is a critical reference point for determining land elevation and ocean depth.
What is the definition of sea level rise in biology? Sea level rise is the increase in the average level of the world's oceans, primarily due to the effects of global warming. This rise occurs because the burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat. The oceans absorb most of this excess heat, leading to thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, both of which contribute to higher sea levels.
How is sea level rise measured? Sea level rise is measured using two primary methods: tide stations and satellite laser altimeters. Tide stations, located around the globe, provide local data by measuring the height of the water relative to a specific point on land. Satellite laser altimeters, on the other hand, offer a global perspective by measuring the distance between the satellite and the ocean surface, allowing for precise monitoring of changes in sea level over time.
7th August 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
by Yezdani Rahman, SEEDS Incident Response Commander, SEEDS
Assam is one of the most flood-prone regions in the country. Floods occur annually during the monsoon season due to the overflow of the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries. These floods have been a recurring disaster for decades, with major incidents recorded almost every year since the 1950s.
The floods in Assam have caused extensive damage over the years. Since 2002, Assam has suffered economic losses of over ₹16,346 crore (approximately $2 billion) due to floods. These floods have also resulted in significant human loss, with over 1,500 lives lost during this period. Major flood years include 1988, 1998, and 2004, with the 2004 floods alone affecting 12.4 million people and causing substantial damage to crops, homes, and infrastructure.
The state government's measures to combat floods include constructing embankments and flood walls, river training, and anti-erosion works, but the challenges remain significant due to natural and human factors contributing to the floods.
In 2024, Assam faced another severe flood, affecting over 18.8 lakh people across 27 districts. The floods claimed 72 lives and submerged vast areas, including 49,014 hectares of cropland. The Brahmaputra River and its tributaries flow above danger levels, exacerbating the situation. This year's deluge also impacted Kaziranga National Park, causing the death of 137 animals.
One major issue is that frequent flooding in Assam has become normalized, leading to a reduced sense of urgency in addressing the issue. Media coverage often focuses on more dramatic or less frequent disasters, resulting in Assam's floods receiving less attention. This normalization has led to the perception of these floods as low to medium-level disasters, despite their devastating impact on lives, property, and the economy. Effective communication, increased media attention, and public awareness campaigns are crucial to highlight the severity of the situation and ensure appropriate responses and resources are allocated.
To break free from this perpetual crisis, the state must shift its focus from mere relief and recovery to building long-term resilience.
The Importance of a Holistic Disaster Management Cycle for Building Resilience in Assam
Addressing Assam's annual floods requires a comprehensive approach within the disaster management cycle: response, recovery, mitigation, and preparedness. Response is the immediate phase post-disaster, focusing on providing urgent aid such as food, shelter, and medical care to those affected. Recovery follows, aiming to rebuild and repair damages, restore essential services and improve infrastructure and livelihoods. Effective recovery not only restores what was lost but also builds back better, reducing future vulnerabilities.
Mitigation aims to reduce long-term disaster risks through proactive measures. Investing in afforestation, landslide mitigation, and water bodies rejuvenation can significantly lessen future flood impacts. Preparedness involves anticipating hazards and developing plans to minimize their effects, including training, drills, and stockpiling supplies. A well-prepared community can respond more effectively to disasters, reducing loss of life and property.
While all phases are crucial, a strong emphasis on mitigation and preparedness is essential to break free from the cycle of destruction. Investing in mitigation and preparedness can yield substantial savings in the long run by reducing the costs associated with disaster response. For instance, every $7 spent on mitigation and preparedness, you save $7 in response costs.
SEEDS Flood Relief and Resilience Work in Assam
SEEDS (Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society) a 30 year old organization undertook significant efforts in the Cachar district of Assam, particularly during the 2022 floods. SEEDS initiatives included the installation of terra water filters, which have been instrumental in providing clean drinking water to flood-affected communities. Additionally, SEEDS has been active in emergency response and long-term rehabilitation efforts in Cachar. During the 2022 floods, which affected over 200,000 people, SEEDS provided immediate relief and worked towards building flood-resilient infrastructure. This holistic approach includes community engagement and capacity-building programs, empowering locals with knowledge and tools to better prepare for and respond to future floods.
During his visit to Karimganj, Assam, SEEDS Incident Commander Yezdani Rahman observed that while 75% of the floodwater had receded, 70% of the district remained submerged, with floodwaters reaching up to 10 feet in some areas. Boats and rafts were the only means of transportation, and Rahman estimated it would take at least 25 days for the water to fully recede from inhabited areas, with agricultural lands potentially remaining flooded until next summer. The floods severely impacted local livelihoods, disrupting agriculture and daily labor, and forced residents to resort to high-interest loans. Education was also significantly affected, with schools inundated and the academic year reduced from 200 to around 140 - 160 days, particularly concerning in this economically disadvantaged district. Rahman emphasized the urgent need for comprehensive efforts to address both immediate and long-term challenges in the region.
Conclusion
Normalization of low and medium level disasters has led to negligence of so many lives. It is important to shift focus towards better disaster mitigation strategies to save as many lives as possible. By emphasizing resilience over mere relief, we can transform Assam's recurring flood challenges into opportunities for sustainable development and a safer future for its residents. Building long-term resilience is not just a necessity but a responsibility to ensure that the devastating impacts of floods are minimized and communities are better prepared for future disasters.
16th July 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
by Sunita.Mishra.ea@gmail.com
The stage is set for Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman to present the Union Budget 2024-25 on July 23, a date confirmed by Parliamentary Affairs Minister Kiren Rijiju on Saturday. This announcement has stirred considerable anticipation across various sectors, particularly with a spotlight on green initiatives and sustainable development.
Under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), significant financial provisions have been allocated to critical programs such as the National Coastal Management Programme, Environment Education, Awareness, Research and Skill Development, Control of Pollution, National Mission for a Green India, and Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. The total budget for MoEF&CC for 2023-24 stood at Rs. 3079 crore, maintaining the same level of funding as the previous year, signaling the government's steady commitment to environmental sustainability.
As the incumbent government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, continues to emphasize sustainable development, many have high expectations for the upcoming budget. Industry leaders have voiced their hopes and expectations, highlighting key areas they believe should be prioritized in the Union Budget to further enhance India's commitment to sustainability.
Aditi Balbir, Co-founder of EcoRatings, emphasized the need for prioritizing investments in sustainable infrastructure projects and clean energy solutions. She noted that 70% of greenhouse gas emissions originate from energy, industry, and buildings. "Such investments are crucial for creating a robust foundation for economic growth and helping India achieve its net-zero targets," Balbir stated. She also highlighted the importance of extending industry recognition programs to companies excelling in sustainability and suggested financial incentives such as lower interest rates on loans and dedicated grants for companies committed to ESG compliance. "Implementing mandatory Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reports (BRSR) for all companies will ensure consistent reporting on sustainability initiatives, promoting transparency and accountability across industries," she added.
Samarth Kholkar, CEO & Co-Founder of BLive, called for robust government policies to boost electric vehicle (EV) adoption in India. He suggested incentives for manufacturers and consumers, including subsidies, tax benefits, and lower GST rates, along with substantial investment in reliable charging infrastructure. "Affordable financing options and establishing a strong resale market are essential to enhance customer confidence and support long-term EV adoption," Kholkar emphasized.
Sudheer Perla, MD of Tabreed Asia & Country Manager for India, highlighted the need to recognize sustainable cooling as an essential public utility. "Every megawatt of solar capacity India has added over the past six years has gone only to meet our increasing cooling demand. This is likely to continue for the next 30 years at least," Perla remarked. He stressed the importance of developing cooling utility markets for the public good, noting that cooling cuts across every part of modern life, from living spaces to food security.
Smitha Shetty, Regional Director APAC at Achilles Information Ltd, praised India's commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. She highlighted proactive initiatives like the viability gap funding for 1 GW of offshore wind energy capacity and the 'Muft Bijli' rooftop solarization scheme as catalysts for innovation and economic growth. "The upcoming budget is a crucial opportunity to further solidify this momentum, bolstering India's position as a global leader in sustainable development," Shetty noted.
Rakesh Jha, Partner, Energy Sector Solutions, Sustainability, and ESG at BDO India, emphasized the importance of strong policy support to achieve India's target of installing 500 GW of renewable energy projects by 2030. "Continuation of effective policies, such as the waiver of Inter State Transmission System (ISTS) charges and zero customs duty on materials for solar module production, is crucial," Jha stated. He also advocated for storage solutions to address green power unavailability during peak times and the promotion of green hydrogen infrastructure.
Ranjit Barthakur, Founder of Balipara Foundation, highlighted the importance of investment in renewable energy, agroforestry, and climate-resilient farming practices. "Skilling youth in EV installation and manufacture will be key for both green entrepreneurship and economic transition," Barthakur remarked. He also expressed hope for further investment in natural ecosystems to meet India's commitments under the Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework.
As the Union Budget 2024-25 approaches, all eyes are on Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, with the hope that the government will continue to drive India's green initiatives and sustainable development forward.
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Recreated by Sanjaya K. Mishra
15th September 2023 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
In a stunning display of endurance and unwavering environmental commitment, Lewis Pugh, the official Patron of the Oceans for the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), has achieved the extraordinary feat of swimming 517 kilometers down the Hudson River, culminating at the iconic tip of Manhattan. This remarkable endeavor serves as a powerful clarion call, drawing global attention to the pressing imperative of safeguarding our planet's invaluable waterways. Timed perfectly ahead of the UN's momentous High Seas Treaty and Climate Ambition Summit, this aquatic odyssey carries profound implications for the future of our oceans.
Lewis Pugh embarked on this epic aquatic odyssey 32 days ago, commencing his remarkable journey in a serene lake near Lake Placid. This British-South African athlete undertook a daunting challenge, traversing the entire length of the river, at times conquering distances that exceeded 20 kilometers in a single day. His unwavering determination was encapsulated by the iconic UNEP swim cap, symbolizing his allegiance to the cause. Emerging triumphant from the waters near the World Trade Center in New York Harbor, Pugh was greeted by an outpouring of support from a diverse crowd of onlookers and intrigued passersby.
What sets this endeavor apart is not only its sheer physicality but also Pugh's profound connection with the Hudson River's rich biodiversity. His awe-inspiring encounters with majestic bald eagles, soaring vultures, diligent beavers, and elusive black bears bear testament to the vitality of this thriving ecosystem. More than an athlete, Pugh emerges as a fervent advocate for imperiled marine environments worldwide.
The deliberate choice of the Hudson River symbolizes the undeniable progress made in the rejuvenation of once-threatened waterways. Pugh's mission was explicitly designed to spark inspiration, urging nations worldwide to replicate the transformation, breathing life back into polluted rivers and revitalizing their essence. He passionately underscored the irreplaceable role of rivers as the lifeblood of our planet, emphasizing their intricate connection with the well-being of our oceans.
The Hudson River's storied history encapsulates a poignant narrative of transformation; evolving from one of the world's most fertile ecosystems into a beleaguered waterway, besieged by relentless industrialization, toxic chemical discharges, overzealous fishing, and habitat fragmentation. Yet, it is also a story of resilience, where five decades of tireless effort, fortified by initiatives like the Clean Water Act, bans on commercial fishing, and extensive riverbed sediment dredging, stand as a testament to nature's power to rebound.
Lewis Pugh, resplendent in his role as a UN representative, emanates pride and a zealous dedication to global synergy in surmounting environmental challenges. His resounding affirmation of the High Seas Treaty's profound significance illuminates the treaty's role in protecting the last bastion of our imperiled planet.
This historic accord will erect an international legal framework, meticulously evaluating the cumulative repercussions of climate change in regions extending beyond national maritime boundaries. It will serve as a bastion of cooperation for the mutual benefit of all Member States and the flourishing of global ecosystems. The treaty extends an invitation for signatures at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, with the commencement date set for 20th September 2023, spanning a two-year duration. Its enforcement hinges on ratification by 60 States.
In the wake of Lewis Pugh's extraordinary aquatic achievement, a poignant reminder reverberates—our collective responsibility to safeguard the life-giving arteries of our world's waterways and oceans. His indomitable spirit beckons the global community to unite, resolute in their pursuit of environmental conservation endeavors.
However, even as Pugh's feat inspires, it's imperative to scrutinize our own endeavors closer to home, particularly concerning the Ganga River. Despite emphasizing the vital role of local communities, challenges persist. Why do we not witness substantial changes despite community involvement in initiatives introduced by Namami Gange? What are the hurdles and hardships that India confronts in their unwavering dedication to the conservation of the Ganga?
Furthermore, a critical examination of the success of Namami Gange and an in-depth exploration of the biodiversity and overall ecosystem health of the Ganga River is warranted.
Recreated by Sunita Mishra (Website version only)
23rd June 2023 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger
The World Bank newsletter has incorporated a blog titled "India Incorporates Green Bonds into Its Climate Finance Strategy," highlighting India's efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainable development. The blog, written by Farah Imrana Hussain and Helena Dill, sheds light on India's commitment to addressing the impacts of climate change and reducing its carbon intensity.
The blog begins by emphasizing the increasing frequency of extreme weather events in India, attributing them to climate change. It highlights that India, as the world's third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG), plays a significant role in global emissions. The country's commitment to environmental protection and conservation is deeply ingrained in its Constitution, and it has undertaken various initiatives to mitigate climate change's adverse effects.
India's National Action Plan on Climate Change, launched in 2008, encompasses eight national missions aimed at reducing emission intensity, enhancing energy efficiency, expanding forest cover, and fostering sustainable habitats. To finance these initiatives, India requires an estimated $170 billion annually. However, current climate finance flows fall short of this target, averaging only $44 billion per year.
Recognizing the need to bolster financial support for climate-related endeavors, India called for increased financial flows to emerging countries during the 27th United Nations Conference of Parties (COP) in Egypt. Subsequently, the Government of India took significant steps to mobilize private sector capital to meet its own needs.
On February 1st, 2022, Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, announced the issuance of sovereign green bonds to mobilize resources for green infrastructure projects. The proceeds from these bonds are earmarked for public sector projects that contribute to reducing the carbon intensity of the economy. In January and February 2023, India issued its first two tranches of sovereign green bonds worth a total of INR 160 billion ($1.95 billion).
These sovereign green bonds underscore India's commitment to expanding renewable energy production and reducing carbon intensity. They will support investments in renewable energy technologies such as solar power, wind power, and small hydro projects, as well as research and development of new technologies. By allocating bond proceeds to renewable energy, India aims to facilitate its energy transition journey, considering that coal currently accounts for 55% of the country's energy needs.
Apart from renewable energy, the sovereign green bonds also support various other project categories, including sustainable water and waste management, energy efficiency, green buildings, climate change adaptation, and biodiversity conservation. Importantly, the funds raised through the green bonds will not be used to finance fossil fuel-related activities.
The World Bank has played a crucial role in supporting India's sovereign green bond program through its Sustainable Finance and ESG Advisory Services. The partnership between the World Bank and India aims to mobilize private capital for sustainable development and bridge the financing gaps. Notable projects supported by the World Bank include the Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Power Project in Madhya Pradesh, which combines infrastructure loans, funding from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and advisory services to attract private investments.
India's green bond market has witnessed significant growth, with total issuances reaching $21 billion as of February 2023. The private sector has been the primary contributor, accounting for 84% of the total. Leading issuers like Greenko Group have used green bond proceeds to fund hydro, solar, and wind power projects across multiple states. Notably, Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam became the first Indian local government to issue a green bond worth $20 million in 2021, followed by Indore Municipal Corporation's issuance of $87 million in green bonds in 2023.
With the Government of India's entry into the green bond market, experts anticipate increased investments in environmentally friendly projects and activities. These initiatives will play a pivotal role in India's transition towards a green, resilient, and inclusive development path.
As India incorporates green bonds into its climate finance strategy, it sets a positive example for other nations, demonstrating the importance of mobilizing resources for sustainable projects and fostering a greener future.
Published in our Printed Version on 31st May 2023
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On the 10th of May 2021, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) mandated the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) disclosures from listed entities. These disclosures focus on the performance of the entities against the nine principles of the 'National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct' (NGBRCs), with reporting under each principle divided into essential and leadership categories. For the fiscal year 2021-22, the disclosures were voluntary, but they will become mandatory from the fiscal year 2022-23. To read more subscribe
20th May 2023
A groundbreaking study led by a researcher from UCL reveals that climate change could trigger sudden tipping points for species as their geographic ranges encounter unprecedented temperatures. The study, published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, provides crucial insights into when and where climate change is likely to expose species worldwide to potentially dangerous thermal conditions.
The research team, composed of scientists from UCL, University of Cape Town, University of Connecticut, and University at Buffalo, undertook an extensive analysis of data from over 35,000 animal species, including mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, corals, fish, whales, plankton, and seagrasses. Their analysis encompassed every continent and ocean basin and incorporated climate projections up until 2100.
The researchers focused on identifying the moment when areas within each species' geographical range would surpass a threshold of thermal exposure. This threshold was defined as the first five consecutive years during which temperatures consistently exceeded the species' most extreme monthly temperature recorded between 1850 and 2014.
While surpassing the thermal exposure threshold does not immediately lead to extinction, the study highlights that there is no evidence of species' ability to survive in higher temperatures. Consequently, many species face the risk of abrupt habitat loss due to future climate change.
The study reveals a consistent trend: for numerous animal species, the thermal exposure threshold will be crossed within the same decade across a significant portion of their geographic range. Dr. Alex Pigot, the lead author from UCL Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, explains that climate change is unlikely to gradually render environments more challenging for animals. Instead, large sections of their geographical range are expected to become unfamiliarly hot within a short period.
Dr. Pigot emphasizes the urgent need to identify species at risk in the coming decades, stating, "Once we observe a species suffering under unfamiliar conditions, there may be little time before its range becomes inhospitable. It is vital that we proactively identify these species in advance."
The study also highlights the substantial impact of global warming. If the planet warms by 1.5°C, the study projects that 15% of the studied species will face unfamiliarly hot temperatures across at least 30% of their existing geographic range within a single decade. This risk doubles to 30% of species at 2.5°C of warming.
According to Dr. Pigot, urgent action is required to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the harmful effects of climate change on animals and plants, averting a catastrophic extinction crisis.
The researchers anticipate that their study will assist in targeting conservation efforts. Their data serves as an early warning system, identifying specific times and locations when particular animals are likely to face risks. Dr. Christopher Trisos, a co-author from the African Climate and Development Initiative at the University of Cape Town, compares the data presentation to a movie, allowing changes to be observed unfolding over time. This animated approach aims to direct conservation efforts and highlight the potentially catastrophic consequences of unchecked climate change.
The researchers also suggest that the pattern of abrupt exposure may be an inevitable characteristic of living on a spherical planet. Due to the Earth's shape, species have more available area in environments closer to the hotter end of what they are accustomed to, such as low-lying areas or regions near the equator.
Earlier research by the same lead authors indicated that even if climate change is halted and global temperatures peak and decline, biodiversity risks could persist for decades. Additionally, the authors found that many species facing unfamiliar temperatures will coexist with other animals experiencing similar temperature shocks, posing significant threats to local ecosystem functioning.
The study received support from prominent institutions, including the Royal Society, the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (US), the African Academy of Sciences.
13th May 2023, by Sunita Mishra
In a concerning development, the first cyclonic storm of the season, Cyclone Mocha, has formed over the Southeast Bay of Bengal. Experts predict that atmospheric conditions are highly favorable for the intensification of Cyclone Mocha in the coming days. The India Meteorology Department, the country's nodal agency, has forecasted that the storm is expected to make landfall between Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, and Kyaukpyu, Myanmar, as a very severe cyclonic storm by noon on May 14, 2023.
The occurrence of this cyclone in May, the peak month for cyclogenesis in the Indian Ocean, is not surprising. However, the alarming trend of rapid intensification observed in recent cyclonic storms raises concerns among researchers and scientists. They attribute these changes to the increasing global mean temperature, particularly in the Indian Ocean.
According to a study titled 'Changing status of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean,' researchers have noted a decrease in the translation speed of cyclones in the Arabian Sea, indicating slower movement. The intensification of cyclonic activity in the Arabian Sea is closely linked to rising ocean temperatures and increased moisture availability resulting from global warming. The study spanning from 1982 to 2019 shows a significant upward trend in the intensity, frequency, and duration of cyclonic storms and very severe cyclonic storms over the Arabian Sea. While there has been an 8% decrease in cyclone frequency in the Bay of Bengal, there has been a staggering 52% increase in the Arabian Sea during the recent epoch from 2001 to 2019.
Climate scientists have emphasized the impact of warming oceans on cyclone behavior. Dr. Roxy Mathew Koll, a climate scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and Lead IPCC Author, warns that models often fail to capture the rapid intensification of cyclones due to inadequate inclusion of ocean conditions. Cyclones nowadays can retain their energy for an extended period, as seen in the case of Cyclone Amphan, which caused significant devastation even while traveling over land. Dr. Koll emphasizes that as long as oceans remain warm and winds remain favorable, cyclones will maintain their intensity for a longer duration.
The Bay of Bengal, riding on the wave of global warming in recent decades, has witnessed increased temperatures ranging between 30-32 degrees Celsius. These elevated temperatures play a crucial role in the intensification of cyclonic storms by enhancing convection. Dr. Koll highlights that this rapid intensification has become more frequent in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
The impacts of climate change on cyclogenesis, especially in the Indian Ocean region, have become a cause for concern due to its high population density along the coastlines. According to the Ministry of Earth Sciences Report, climate models project an increase in tropical cyclone intensity and precipitation intensity in the North Indian Ocean basin. A comparison of pre-1950 and post-1950 periods reveals a rise in severe cyclonic storms by 49% in the Bay of Bengal region and 52% in the Arabian Sea region on an annual scale. Observations further indicate an increase in the frequency of extremely severe cyclonic storms over the Arabian Sea during the post-monsoon seasons of 1998-2018, with medium confidence attributing this rise to human-induced sea surface temperature (SST) warming.
The changing climate, primarily driven by increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has resulted in an energy imbalance in the climate system. Approximately 92% of the energy goes into the ocean, leading to increased Ocean Heat Content (OHC). The IPCC's Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) highlights the rise in global mean surface temperature, sea level, and Ocean Heat Content as primary indicators of climate change. Since the 1950s, the Indian Ocean has experienced the fastest surface warming, with the Ocean Heat Content increasing significantly.
According to the SROCC, future projections indicate a warmer and wetter world over oceans, providing more energy for evaporation and facilitating increased tropical cyclone (TC) activity and rainfall. While there may be fewer cyclones overall, the storms that do form are expected to be more intense, with a higher likelihood of Category 4 or 5 storms. Changes in atmospheric stability and the concentration of energy in a few large storms contribute to this intensification.
Experts highlight the role of the barrier layer, a layer between the top and bottom layers of the ocean, in cyclone behavior. As Ocean Heat Content strengthens, heat penetration to the ocean's bottom layer decreases. Cyclones tend to track where the Ocean Heat Content is higher, and recent observations indicate that cyclones can maintain their strength even when near the coast. This poses a serious threat to the coastal areas of India.
To better understand and predict cyclone behavior, scientists emphasize the importance of incorporating the thermal structure of the upper ocean, rather than relying solely on sea surface temperature (SST), which represents only the skin layer of the ocean. Ocean Heat Content acts as a critical predictor for cyclones, affecting their life cycle, pressure drop, track change, intensity, and storm surge height. Therefore, it is necessary to develop improved parameterization of SST that accounts for Ocean Heat Content, ultimately enhancing cyclone modeling and forecasting accuracy.
In conclusion, the formation and intensification of cyclonic storms like Cyclone Mocha are intrinsically linked to climate change. Rising global temperatures and increasing Ocean Heat Content contribute to the intensification of cyclones in the Indian Ocean region. As climate change continues, the need for robust modeling techniques and accurate forecasting becomes crucial in mitigating the impacts of these severe weather events on vulnerable coastal communities.
Disclaimer: The article is based on information provided by Climate Trends, a research-based consulting and capacity building initiative specializing in environment, climate change, and sustainable development.