Articles

This section of Enviro Annotations features articles on current environmental issues, ecology, biodiversity, climate change, opinions, Industry Case Studies, environmental policies in India, regulations, environmental law, green technologies and environmental studies, all aimed at enhancing environmental awareness and advocating for ecological protection. Environmental News Subscribe

Global Handwashing Day 2024: Why Clean Hands Still Matter 

15th Oct 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


October 15th marks the annual celebration of Global Handwashing Day, a global advocacy day dedicated to promoting the simple yet powerful act of handwashing with soap. The Global Handwashing Day theme for this year, "Why are clean hands still important?", underscores the enduring significance of this practice in safeguarding public health and preventing the spread of diseases.  


A Brief History

Global Handwashing Day was first initiated in 2008 by the Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP). Since then, it has grown into a worldwide movement, with participation from over 100 countries. The day serves as a platform to raise awareness about the importance of hand hygiene, encourage governments, schools, and communities to prioritize cleanliness, and promote sustainable behavior changes related to handwashing practices.  


The Benefits of Hand Hygiene

Hand hygiene, whether through handwashing with soap or alcohol-based handrub, is a cornerstone of disease prevention. It can help reduce the transmission of a wide range of illnesses, including:  


Mistakes to Avoid When Washing Hands

While handwashing is a simple act, it's essential to do it correctly to maximize its effectiveness. Common mistakes to avoid include:


Handwashing in India: A Cultural Tradition

Handwashing has deep cultural and religious roots in India. It is considered a fundamental aspect of personal hygiene and cleanliness, often tied to religious practices and social etiquette.  


The Importance of Hand Hygiene for Governments, Donors, and Schools

Hand hygiene is a critical component of public health and global health security. Governments, donors, and schools play vital roles in promoting and supporting handwashing practices.  


For governments:


For donors:


For schools:


Conclusion

Global Handwashing Day serves as a reminder of the simple yet powerful impact of hand hygiene on public health. By understanding the benefits, avoiding common mistakes, and promoting handwashing practices, we can contribute to healthier communities and a safer world.

EU Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products: A Step Towards Sustainable Consumption? 

30th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger

by Sunita Mishra


On 29 June 2023, the European Union (EU) took a significant step in its environmental policy framework with the enforcement of the Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products. This regulation marks a pivotal move towards addressing the root causes of deforestation and forest degradation, particularly linked to agricultural expansion driven by the production of commodities such as cattle, cocoa, palm oil, soy, rubber, and more. As a major economy and consumer of these products, the EU acknowledges its responsibility and aims to lead the way in mitigating this pressing global issue.


The Imperative of Action

Deforestation and forest degradation are escalating concerns, significantly contributing to climate change and the loss of biodiversity. The primary catalyst for these environmental crises is the expansion of agricultural land to meet the demands for commodities. With a growing global population, the pressure on forests is expected to intensify, compounding the challenges posed by climate change and threatening food security.


Historically, the EU's legislative framework, including the EU Timber Regulation and the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, has addressed illegal logging but fell short of tackling the deforestation caused by agricultural practices. The new regulation seeks to fill this gap, reflecting the EU's commitment to sustainable consumption and production patterns.


Key Objectives of the Regulation

The Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products aims to achieve several critical objectives:


Implementation Framework

To facilitate the regulation's objectives, the EU has established a monitoring framework, including the EU Observatory on Deforestation and Forest Degradation. This observatory builds on existing tools like Copernicus and provides public access to information regarding supply chains, changes in global forest cover, and the drivers of deforestation.


Furthermore, the "Team Europe Initiative on Deforestation-Free Value Chains" has been launched to support partner countries in transitioning to sustainable agricultural practices. This collaborative effort involves the European Commission and EU Member States, with an initial funding package of €70 million earmarked for implementation.


The Due Diligence Requirement

Under the new regulation, all operators and traders who place the specified commodities on the EU market or export them must demonstrate that these products do not originate from land deforested after 31 December 2020. This requirement underscores the importance of robust due diligence processes. Operators will be mandated to submit electronic Due Diligence Statements (DDS) through a newly established registry, ensuring compliance with the regulation's stipulations.


Engaging Stakeholders

The regulation was informed by extensive stakeholder consultations, with nearly 1.2 million contributions received during the Open Public Consultation conducted in 2020. A significant majority of stakeholders expressed the need for an EU-level intervention to curb deforestation and supported the establishment of a legally binding deforestation-free definition.


The preferred policy option involves a benchmarking system categorizing countries based on their deforestation patterns, allowing for differentiated obligations based on the level of risk associated with the country of production.


Anticipated Benefits and Challenges

The implementation of the regulation is projected to yield significant benefits. It is estimated that by 2030, the EU-driven deforestation could be reduced by over 71,920 hectares of forest annually, translating to a decrease of at least 31.9 million metric tonnes of carbon emissions. This could result in economic savings of around €3.2 billion annually while contributing positively to biodiversity preservation.


However, there are potential challenges. Smallholder producers may face adaptation difficulties, and there could be shifts in EU trade patterns towards lower-risk producer countries. The regulation’s cut-off date of 2020 is anticipated to mitigate some of these issues by ensuring that most products currently in trade are sourced from land that was already in production before this date.


Conclusion

The Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products represents a significant stride toward sustainability within the EU's consumption landscape. By holding operators accountable for their supply chains and fostering a demand for legally sourced, deforestation-free commodities, the EU aims to position itself as a global leader in the fight against deforestation. The forthcoming implementation phases will be crucial in determining the regulation's effectiveness and its impact on global commodity markets. As the EU continues to evolve its environmental policies, the success of this regulation will likely serve as a blueprint for similar initiatives worldwide, reinforcing the interconnectedness of global environmental stewardship.


The timeline for the regulation's full application includes a phased approach, with all operators expected to comply by 30 December 2024, and micro and small enterprises granted an additional period until 30 June 2025. This regulatory framework not only addresses immediate environmental concerns but also paves the way for a more sustainable and equitable global trade system in agricultural commodities.

Inter-Sectoral Convergence for Water Conservation: Prioritizing Artificial Recharge Structures under Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative 

26th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


Water conservation has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges faced by India, and addressing this issue requires a multi-dimensional approach. In this context, the Secretary of the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR, RD & GR), Ms. Debashree Mukherjee, chaired a high-level meeting in New Delhi on 26th September 2024 to discuss the modalities for achieving inter-sectoral convergence in constructing artificial recharge structures for rainwater harvesting under the Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) initiative. This initiative forms an integral part of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain (JSA) 2024 campaign. The meeting witnessed the participation of senior officials from key ministries, reflecting the government’s commitment to making water conservation a national priority.


The JSJB initiative was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6th September 2024 in Surat, Gujarat. Its primary objective is to emphasize community engagement (Jan Bhagidari) and adopt a holistic approach to water conservation that integrates efforts across various government sectors. The discussions at the meeting underscored the importance of collaboration among ministries to prioritize the construction of artificial recharge structures such as borewell recharge systems and recharge shafts, which are crucial for enhancing groundwater levels and ensuring long-term water sustainability.


Key Points of Discussion

A major focus of the meeting was the development of an action plan for the implementation of rainwater harvesting structures. Ministries and departments were requested to conduct a thorough review of existing rainwater harvesting systems within their jurisdiction and create a mission-mode action plan that focuses on the saturation of potential for groundwater replenishment. This approach aligns with the government's broader efforts to secure India’s water resources through sustainable management practices.


The role of each partner ministry/department in water conservation was another critical topic. Ministries were encouraged to leverage their existing schemes and resources to support the large-scale construction of artificial recharge structures. This would include setting internal targets based on available land and office premises to expedite implementation and create a widespread impact. Ministries were also urged to take ownership of the initiative, ensuring that their efforts align with the national agenda of securing water sustainability.

Community engagement is a cornerstone of the JSJB initiative. Ministries with vast grassroots-level networks, such as Education and Youth Affairs, were advised to mobilize these networks to raise awareness about water conservation and promote widespread participation. This would empower communities to take an active role in protecting and conserving local water resources.


In terms of technical solutions, the ministries were directed to focus on affordable and localized artificial recharge structures that can address the specific needs of different communities. Collaboration with Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and industries was also discussed, with an emphasis on mobilizing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds to support these initiatives. This would ensure that water conservation efforts are not only economically viable but also scalable across the country.


To ensure accountability and monitor progress, a real-time dashboard is being developed on the JSA: Catch the Rain portal. Ministries and departments were requested to ensure that their Central Ministry Nodal Officers (CMNOs) regularly update the portal, facilitating efficient tracking of activities and outcomes. The dashboard will play a crucial role in assessing the progress of water conservation efforts across sectors and regions.


National Priority for Water Conservation

The meeting highlighted the critical importance of coordinated efforts across ministries and sectors, emphasizing a unified approach to making water conservation a national priority. With water scarcity being one of the biggest challenges facing the country, the JSJB initiative represents a flagship effort to secure long-term water sustainability and resilience. The inter-sectoral convergence discussed at this meeting aims to ensure that every ministry and department contributes effectively to the construction of artificial recharge structures, community engagement, and overall water conservation.


This convergence not only strengthens the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain campaign but also reflects the government’s proactive stance on addressing the country’s water crisis through an integrated, community-driven, and government-supported approach.

From Bandages to Biocomposites: Bamboo Startups Making a Difference

13th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


India boasts the world’s second-largest bamboo reserves, second only to China. With over 136 species thriving across the country, particularly in the northeastern states, bamboo plays a pivotal role in both forests and industries. Covering 13% of India’s forest area, bamboo provides livelihoods for millions and serves as a sustainable alternative to timber and plastic. From traditional handmade pens known as kalam or boru to its use in construction, handicrafts, and eco-friendly products, bamboo’s legacy in India is rich and varied.

On World Bamboo Day, we spotlight startups from the Greenr Sustainability Accelerator program by TechnoServe that are harnessing bamboo to drive environmental and social impact. From eco-friendly toothbrushes to compostable bandages, these trailblazers are proving that bamboo is the "wise man’s timber" for the 21st century.


A Bandage That Heals Your Wounds—and the Earth

For every time you heal a bruise, you also help the earth. Sounds like an enticing proposition, right? Bengaluru-based Earthlings Design offers a sustainable healthcare solution with Marham Bamboo Bandages, one of India’s first compostable bamboo bandages. These bandages naturally break down, minimizing landfill waste and eliminating risks for waste handlers. Earthlings is bringing sustainability to healthcare by creating products that are as good for the planet as they are for people.


Gifts from Nature, for Nature

The value of a well-thought-out gift is unmatched. To You From Me (TYFM Enterprises) simplifies sustainable gifting with eco-friendly kits for the hospitality industry. Their kits include a seed notebook, seed pen, neem comb, bamboo brush, and tongue cleaner, combining practicality with sustainability. TYFM Enterprises is at the forefront of revolutionizing corporate gifting by blending innovation with a deep commitment to environmental responsibility. It’s not just a gift to your loved ones but also a gift for nature.


Their corporate joinee kits are crafted from biodegradable materials and recycled paper, making gifts thoughtful for both recipients and nature. TYFM Enterprises collaborates with forward-thinking companies looking to integrate environmental responsibility into their brand identity.


Redefining Sustainability with Biocomposites

Pacing Grass uses cutting-edge biocomposite technology to create a diverse range of products by blending bamboo, rice husk, and other agricultural residues. Their eco-friendly biocomposite materials reduce carbon footprints by at least 40% compared to conventional alternatives. Pacing Grass offers various products made from these sustainable materials, including household items, tableware, and engineering components. Their flagship product, the V0 fire-retardant material, can replace traditional plastics in electrical equipment like junction boxes and light fixtures.


Your Eco-friendly ‘Saathi’

Dedicated to creating eco-friendly alternatives, Eco Saathi uses bamboo, neem wood, and agricultural residues to design sustainable products. Their range includes biodegradable toothbrushes, bamboo tongue cleaners, pen stands, hangers, and more, all aimed at reducing plastic waste and air pollution. By collaborating with local artisans and farmers in their production process, the company also supports livelihoods. Their other products include handmade soaps, sabai grass planters & coasters, and neem wood combs.


Pioneering Green Office Stationery and Home Decor

Kerala-based IraaLoom creates eco-friendly handicrafts and home decor using bamboo, recycled paper, cork, and organic fabrics. Sourced from responsibly managed forests and sustainable suppliers, their range of products—ideal for gifting—includes stationery, jewelry, kitchenware, and beauty products, all of which are compostable or recyclable. By supporting traditional craftsmanship, IraaLoom helps preserve cultural knowledge and techniques, thereby encouraging economic sustainability and contributing to cultural heritage conservation.


At the Greenr Sustainability Accelerator Program by TechnoServe, we are proud to work with these businesses. They are part of a group of passionate and innovative founders committed to mitigating climate degradation. The program, now in its second cohort, supports 150 startups across various sectors such as energy, waste management, agritech, green construction, textiles, forestry, personal care, and other D2C brands. Its aim is to mentor 350 sustainability-focused startups, unlocking innovation, growing revenue, creating jobs, and scaling environmental impact.

India's Drive for Water Conservation: A Collaborative Effort

13th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


The report on record-breaking temperatures puts a spotlight on a critical issue—water. In India, millions grapple with water shortages as demand skyrockets in farms, offices, and homes. This year's extended heatwave has only added fuel to the fire, deepening the crisis in many areas, including the capital city, Delhi, and the tech hub, Bengaluru. Water conservation has truly become the need of the hour in a country struggling with scarcity and poor management.


To tackle this looming crisis, India has rolled out several projects. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ initiative on 6th September 2024, in Surat, Gujarat. This marks a giant leap forward in addressing water challenges. Alongside this, the government has introduced several other programs, such as the Jal Shakti Abhiyan, MGNREGS, and Atal Bhujal Yojana. These initiatives clearly reflect the government’s determination to secure India's water future through teamwork, sustainable practices, and heightened awareness.


Under the ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ program, around 24,800 rainwater harvesting structures are being constructed across Gujarat. The aim is straightforward—capture rainwater and promote its sustainable use. This initiative calls for all hands on deck, bringing together citizens, government bodies, and NGOs. It embodies a "whole-of-society" and "whole-of-government" approach, taking a leaf from the successful Jal Sanchay initiative by Gujarat. The new structures will be a lifeline, enhancing rainwater storage and bolstering long-term water security in the region.


Key Government Initiatives for Water Conservation

The government has pulled out all the stops to promote water conservation and rainwater harvesting across the country:


The ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ initiative is a shining example of how community involvement, backed by solid government policies, can lead to meaningful progress in water conservation. By building thousands of rainwater harvesting structures and integrating multiple central schemes, India is laying the groundwork for long-term water security. These combined efforts, involving both citizens and government bodies, represent a holistic approach to tackling water scarcity. With continued focus on sustainable water management and promoting efficient water use, India can pave the way for a water-secure future. If implemented well, these strategies will yield substantial improvements in managing water scarcity. #JalSanchayJanBhagidari

BMW Sets Ambitious Targets for Carbon Emission Reduction and Electrification by 2030 Amidst Volvo's Revised Electrification Targets

5th Sep 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


BMW has announced a significant commitment to reduce CO2 emissions and accelerate its transition to electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). According to a report by ESG Today, the luxury automaker aims to reduce CO2 emissions per vehicle by at least 40% across the full lifecycle—including supply chain, production, and product use—by 2030. As part of this strategy, BMW plans for 50% of its global sales to comprise battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by the same year.


The announcement comes alongside BMW's ongoing efforts to develop fuel cell technology, highlighted by the recent launch of its iX5 Hydrogen pilot fleet worldwide. The company unveiled the iX5 as a concept vehicle in 2019 and introduced pilot vehicles early last year, signaling its view of fuel cell electric vehicle technology as a potential complement to the battery-electric vehicles. Oliver Zipse, Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG, hailed the upcoming FCEV as a significant milestone, stating, "This is a milestone in automotive history: the first-ever series production fuel cell vehicle to be offered by a global premium manufacturer." He added that the collaboration with Toyota would help shape future mobility and herald an era of substantial demand for FCEVs.


Collaboration with Toyota Expands

BMW's hydrogen vehicle ambitions are bolstered by an expanded collaboration with Toyota, focusing on developing next-generation fuel cell systems. Toyota, which has been collaborating with BMW on fuel cell drive systems since 2013, provided the individual fuel cells for the iX5 hydrogen vehicles. The two companies aim to create synergies in development and procurement, driving down costs to make FCEVs more accessible for both commercial and passenger vehicles. The partnership also seeks to promote hydrogen infrastructure development, collaborating with hydrogen producers and distributors to ensure a stable hydrogen supply and reduce associated costs.


Koji Sato, President of Toyota, highlighted the shared vision between the two companies, stating, "In our long history of partnership, we have confirmed that BMW and Toyota share the same passion for cars and belief in ‘technology openness’ and a ‘multi-pathway’ approach to carbon neutrality." He further emphasized that the collaboration aims to realize a hydrogen society, expanding infrastructure, and advancing next-generation fuel cell systems.


Volvo Cars Revises Electrification Goals Amid Market Headwinds

In a contrasting development, Volvo Cars announced a shift in its electrification strategy, pulling back on its earlier target to offer only fully electric vehicles by 2030. The company has now allowed room for up to 10% of sales to include mild hybrid models and the rest to be plug-in hybrids. Volvo cited challenges in the automotive market’s electrification transition as the reason for the adjustment.


Volvo initially set its electrification goal in 2021, aiming to become a fully electric car company by 2030 and phase out all models with internal combustion engines (ICEs), including hybrids. The revised plan, however, still maintains the company's commitment to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. The new targets include reducing CO2 emissions per car by 65% to 75% by 2030, compared to its previous goal of a 75% reduction, and reducing CO2 emissions by 30% to 35% by 2025, compared to the prior 40% reduction goal.


Implications for Indian Car Manufacturers

The developments in BMW and Volvo Cars' electrification strategies and the expanded focus on hydrogen technology raise pertinent questions about the future direction for Indian car manufacturers. India’s automotive sector faces significant challenges due to rising pollution levels and stringent regulatory norms. There is a growing push for green and sustainable mobility solutions. However, the transition to a fully electric or hydrogen-driven market requires substantial investment in technology development, supply chain management, and infrastructure.


The collaboration between BMW and Toyota exemplifies how global automotive leaders are adopting a "multi-pathway" approach to achieving carbon neutrality, combining electric, hybrid, and hydrogen technologies to cater to diverse market needs. For Indian car manufacturers, a similar diversified approach could help navigate the complexities of the market while meeting environmental goals. The adoption of alternative fuel technologies, such as hydrogen fuel cells, could also help alleviate pollution concerns, especially in metropolitan cities grappling with high levels of vehicular emissions.


Given the focus on reducing carbon footprints and enhancing clean energy solutions, Indian car manufacturers may need to explore partnerships, both domestically and internationally, to leverage technology advancements and build a sustainable future for the automotive industry. As the global automotive landscape evolves, the question remains whether Indian manufacturers will follow similar lines and seize the opportunity to lead in sustainable mobility solutions.

Remediation of Contaminated Sites Rules 2024: Key Definitions

29th August 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


On 21st August 2024, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change issued a draft notification titled the "Remediation of Contaminated Sites Rules, 2024", under S.O. 3550 (E). Enviro Annotations has recently published a YouTube Video on contaminated sites in India. Click here to Watch


Rule 3 of the draft notification outlines various definitions. Enviro Annotations presents a selection of key definitions for your understanding.

The rules also clarify that "discharge" refers to any act of spilling, releasing, leaking, or disposing of contaminants into the environment, including in containers.

Additionally, the draft rules establish the concept of "Background Levels," which refer to the concentration of substances in soils that remain unaffected by the introduction of contaminants. These levels can be naturally occurring or anthropogenic, with the latter including substances present due to human activities but not specifically linked to the contaminated site.

The rules further introduce the "Environmental Relief Fund," as established under the Public Liability Insurance Act of 1991, and define "financial security" as deposits or bank guarantees required for remediation, as directed by the Committee.

The draft rules also provide for "Voluntary Remediation," which refers to remediation activities undertaken in accordance with Rule 13 of these regulations. This provision allows for certain types of remediation to be carried out voluntarily by the responsible parties, under the oversight of the relevant authorities.

Remediation of Contaminated Sites Rules 2024: Responsibilities for ULBs and PRIs

28th August 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


On 21st August 2024, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change issued a draft notification titled the "Remediation of Contaminated Sites Rules, 2024", under S.O. 3550 (E). This move aims to tackle the growing issue of areas contaminated by toxic and hazardous substances, posing risks to human health and the environment, including flora and fauna. Enviro Annotations has recently published a YouTube Video on contaminated sites in India. Click here to Watch


The draft notification under Rule 6 assigns Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and District Level Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) the responsibility to manage contaminated sites within their jurisdictions, excluding industrial areas. They must compile and submit an inventory of suspected contaminated sites to the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), based on public complaints, prior studies, and location-specific risks.


These sites are then subjected to preliminary assessments to determine if they qualify as probable contaminated sites. ULBs/PRIs are also tasked with conducting detailed investigations of these sites and submitting annual inventories of their findings to the CPCB. Additionally, they must report orphan contaminated sites, file annual returns on site status, and assess public petitions related to contamination.


Restrictions are placed on changes in land use, ownership, or site activities on probable or confirmed contaminated sites without prior approval. ULBs/PRIs must also submit an annual inventory of remediated sites to the SPCB and ensure the implementation, enforcement, and monitoring of these rules through existing environmental committees.

Why Sea Level Rise Matters for Our Future?

27th August 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


The United Nations has released a concerning report on the rising sea levels, revealing that oceans have risen by approximately 20-23 centimeters (8-9 inches) since 1880. This significant increase poses a grave threat to coastal regions and island nations, with implications that extend far beyond environmental concerns.


What is sea level rise? Sea level rise refers to the increasing height of the world's oceans. This phenomenon is primarily driven by two factors: the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and the thermal expansion of seawater as it warms. As land ice melts, the water flows into the oceans, contributing to the rise in sea levels. Additionally, warmer water expands, further exacerbating this issue. The effects of climate change, particularly global warming, have accelerated these processes, leading to the current state of alarm.


The United Nations has addressed this critical issue in an article titled "What is sea level rise and why does it matter to our future?" by Daniel Dickinson. In recent discussions, UN Secretary-General António Guterres has highlighted the severity of the situation during his visits to Pacific Ocean nations, including Tonga and Samoa, where he engaged with local communities directly affected by rising sea levels. These visits underscore the importance of addressing this growing crisis.


On September 25th, global leaders and experts will convene at the United Nations to discuss strategies to combat the escalating threat of sea level rise. The stakes are high, as the average global sea level reached a record high in 2023, according to data from the UN’s World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Satellite records, which have been kept since 1993, indicate that the rate of sea level rise in the last decade has more than doubled compared to the first decade of recorded data.


The consequences of rising sea levels are vast and far-reaching. Coastal habitats, including coral reefs and fish stocks, are at risk of severe damage due to saltwater flooding. Agricultural lands and infrastructure, including housing, are also vulnerable. The contamination of freshwater supplies by saltwater intrusion can lead to waterborne diseases and exacerbate health issues within affected communities. Furthermore, the loss of tourism revenues, particularly in small island developing states (SIDS), can cripple local economies as beaches, resorts, and other tourist attractions suffer damage.


The social and economic fabric of vulnerable nations is under threat, with the potential for large-scale displacement of populations. Communities may be forced to relocate to higher ground or migrate altogether, leading to significant disruptions in livelihoods and economies. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has aptly described sea level rise as a "threat multiplier," emphasizing its capacity to exacerbate existing challenges.


The link between rising sea levels and climate change is undeniable. As global temperatures increase, the oceans absorb much of the excess heat, causing the water to expand. This process, known as thermal expansion, is a major contributor to sea level rise. Additionally, the loss of natural barriers such as mangrove forests, which protect coastal habitats and sequester carbon, creates a feedback loop that further accelerates climate change and sea level rise.


Which countries are most affected? Countries most affected by rising sea levels include densely populated coastal nations like Bangladesh, China, India, the Netherlands, and Pakistan. Major cities such as Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Lagos, London, Mumbai, New York, and Shanghai are also at risk of catastrophic flooding. Small island nations, particularly in the Pacific, face the most critical threats, with some communities already being forced to relocate due to rising waters.


What can be done to counter sea level rise? To counter sea level rise, the most crucial action is to slow down global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation and adaptation efforts are essential and must include building infrastructure like sea walls, improving drainage systems, restoring natural barriers, and enhancing disaster risk reduction plans. In some cases, managed retreat, or the relocation of communities from vulnerable coastal areas, may be necessary.


It is essential to address some frequently asked questions (FAQs) to deepen the understanding of sea level rise:


How is sea level defined? Sea level refers to the average height of the ocean's surface, serving as the base level for measuring elevation and depth on Earth. It is a critical reference point for determining land elevation and ocean depth.


What is the definition of sea level rise in biology? Sea level rise is the increase in the average level of the world's oceans, primarily due to the effects of global warming. This rise occurs because the burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat. The oceans absorb most of this excess heat, leading to thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, both of which contribute to higher sea levels.


How is sea level rise measured? Sea level rise is measured using two primary methods: tide stations and satellite laser altimeters. Tide stations, located around the globe, provide local data by measuring the height of the water relative to a specific point on land. Satellite laser altimeters, on the other hand, offer a global perspective by measuring the distance between the satellite and the ocean surface, allowing for precise monitoring of changes in sea level over time.

Building Resilience Post-Flood: A Critical Imperative for Assam's Future 

7th August 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger

by Yezdani Rahman, SEEDS Incident Response Commander, SEEDS


Assam is one of the most flood-prone regions in the country. Floods occur annually during the monsoon season due to the overflow of the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries. These floods have been a recurring disaster for decades, with major incidents recorded almost every year since the 1950s.


The floods in Assam have caused extensive damage over the years. Since 2002, Assam has suffered economic losses of over ₹16,346 crore (approximately $2 billion) due to floods. These floods have also resulted in significant human loss, with over 1,500 lives lost during this period​​. Major flood years include 1988, 1998, and 2004, with the 2004 floods alone affecting 12.4 million people and causing substantial damage to crops, homes, and infrastructure​​.


The state government's measures to combat floods include constructing embankments and flood walls, river training, and anti-erosion works, but the challenges remain significant due to natural and human factors contributing to the floods​​.


In 2024, Assam faced another severe flood, affecting over 18.8 lakh people across 27 districts. The floods claimed 72 lives and submerged vast areas, including 49,014 hectares of cropland. The Brahmaputra River and its tributaries flow above danger levels, exacerbating the situation. This year's deluge also impacted Kaziranga National Park, causing the death of 137 animals​.


One major issue is that frequent flooding in Assam has become normalized, leading to a reduced sense of urgency in addressing the issue. Media coverage often focuses on more dramatic or less frequent disasters, resulting in Assam's floods receiving less attention. This normalization has led to the perception of these floods as low to medium-level disasters, despite their devastating impact on lives, property, and the economy​​. Effective communication, increased media attention, and public awareness campaigns are crucial to highlight the severity of the situation and ensure appropriate responses and resources are allocated.


To break free from this perpetual crisis, the state must shift its focus from mere relief and recovery to building long-term resilience.


The Importance of a Holistic Disaster Management Cycle for Building Resilience in Assam


Addressing Assam's annual floods requires a comprehensive approach within the disaster management cycle: response, recovery, mitigation, and preparedness. Response is the immediate phase post-disaster, focusing on providing urgent aid such as food, shelter, and medical care to those affected. Recovery follows, aiming to rebuild and repair damages, restore essential services and improve infrastructure and livelihoods. Effective recovery not only restores what was lost but also builds back better, reducing future vulnerabilities. 


Mitigation aims to reduce long-term disaster risks through proactive measures. Investing in afforestation, landslide mitigation, and water bodies rejuvenation can significantly lessen future flood impacts. Preparedness involves anticipating hazards and developing plans to minimize their effects, including training, drills, and stockpiling supplies. A well-prepared community can respond more effectively to disasters, reducing loss of life and property. 


While all phases are crucial, a strong emphasis on mitigation and preparedness is essential to break free from the cycle of destruction. Investing in mitigation and preparedness can yield substantial savings in the long run by reducing the costs associated with disaster response. For instance, every $7 spent on mitigation and preparedness, you save $7 in response costs.


SEEDS Flood Relief and Resilience Work in Assam


SEEDS (Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society) a 30 year old organization undertook significant efforts in the Cachar district of Assam, particularly during the 2022 floods. SEEDS initiatives included the installation of terra water filters, which have been instrumental in providing clean drinking water to flood-affected communities. Additionally, SEEDS has been active in emergency response and long-term rehabilitation efforts in Cachar. During the 2022 floods, which affected over 200,000 people, SEEDS provided immediate relief and worked towards building flood-resilient infrastructure. This holistic approach includes community engagement and capacity-building programs, empowering locals with knowledge and tools to better prepare for and respond to future floods.


During his visit to Karimganj, Assam, SEEDS Incident Commander Yezdani Rahman observed that while 75% of the floodwater had receded, 70% of the district remained submerged, with floodwaters reaching up to 10 feet in some areas. Boats and rafts were the only means of transportation, and Rahman estimated it would take at least 25 days for the water to fully recede from inhabited areas, with agricultural lands potentially remaining flooded until next summer. The floods severely impacted local livelihoods, disrupting agriculture and daily labor, and forced residents to resort to high-interest loans. Education was also significantly affected, with schools inundated and the academic year reduced from 200 to around 140 - 160 days, particularly concerning in this economically disadvantaged district. Rahman emphasized the urgent need for comprehensive efforts to address both immediate and long-term challenges in the region.


Conclusion


Normalization of low and medium level disasters has led to negligence of so many lives. It is important to shift focus towards better disaster mitigation strategies to save as many lives as possible. By emphasizing resilience over mere relief, we can transform Assam's recurring flood challenges into opportunities for sustainable development and a safer future for its residents. Building long-term resilience is not just a necessity but a responsibility to ensure that the devastating impacts of floods are minimized and communities are better prepared for future disasters.

Union Budget 2024-25: Expectation Galore as Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman Prepares to Unveil Key Initiatives

16th July 2024 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger

by Sunita.Mishra.ea@gmail.com


The stage is set for Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman to present the Union Budget 2024-25 on July 23, a date confirmed by Parliamentary Affairs Minister Kiren Rijiju on Saturday. This announcement has stirred considerable anticipation across various sectors, particularly with a spotlight on green initiatives and sustainable development.


Under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), significant financial provisions have been allocated to critical programs such as the National Coastal Management Programme, Environment Education, Awareness, Research and Skill Development, Control of Pollution, National Mission for a Green India, and Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. The total budget for MoEF&CC for 2023-24 stood at Rs. 3079 crore, maintaining the same level of funding as the previous year, signaling the government's steady commitment to environmental sustainability.


As the incumbent government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, continues to emphasize sustainable development, many have high expectations for the upcoming budget. Industry leaders have voiced their hopes and expectations, highlighting key areas they believe should be prioritized in the Union Budget to further enhance India's commitment to sustainability.


Aditi Balbir, Co-founder of EcoRatings, emphasized the need for prioritizing investments in sustainable infrastructure projects and clean energy solutions. She noted that 70% of greenhouse gas emissions originate from energy, industry, and buildings. "Such investments are crucial for creating a robust foundation for economic growth and helping India achieve its net-zero targets," Balbir stated. She also highlighted the importance of extending industry recognition programs to companies excelling in sustainability and suggested financial incentives such as lower interest rates on loans and dedicated grants for companies committed to ESG compliance. "Implementing mandatory Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reports (BRSR) for all companies will ensure consistent reporting on sustainability initiatives, promoting transparency and accountability across industries," she added.


Samarth Kholkar, CEO & Co-Founder of BLive, called for robust government policies to boost electric vehicle (EV) adoption in India. He suggested incentives for manufacturers and consumers, including subsidies, tax benefits, and lower GST rates, along with substantial investment in reliable charging infrastructure. "Affordable financing options and establishing a strong resale market are essential to enhance customer confidence and support long-term EV adoption," Kholkar emphasized.


Sudheer Perla, MD of Tabreed Asia & Country Manager for India, highlighted the need to recognize sustainable cooling as an essential public utility. "Every megawatt of solar capacity India has added over the past six years has gone only to meet our increasing cooling demand. This is likely to continue for the next 30 years at least," Perla remarked. He stressed the importance of developing cooling utility markets for the public good, noting that cooling cuts across every part of modern life, from living spaces to food security.


Smitha Shetty, Regional Director APAC at Achilles Information Ltd, praised India's commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. She highlighted proactive initiatives like the viability gap funding for 1 GW of offshore wind energy capacity and the 'Muft Bijli' rooftop solarization scheme as catalysts for innovation and economic growth. "The upcoming budget is a crucial opportunity to further solidify this momentum, bolstering India's position as a global leader in sustainable development," Shetty noted.


Rakesh Jha, Partner, Energy Sector Solutions, Sustainability, and ESG at BDO India, emphasized the importance of strong policy support to achieve India's target of installing 500 GW of renewable energy projects by 2030. "Continuation of effective policies, such as the waiver of Inter State Transmission System (ISTS) charges and zero customs duty on materials for solar module production, is crucial," Jha stated. He also advocated for storage solutions to address green power unavailability during peak times and the promotion of green hydrogen infrastructure.


Ranjit Barthakur, Founder of Balipara Foundation, highlighted the importance of investment in renewable energy, agroforestry, and climate-resilient farming practices. "Skilling youth in EV installation and manufacture will be key for both green entrepreneurship and economic transition," Barthakur remarked. He also expressed hope for further investment in natural ecosystems to meet India's commitments under the Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework.


As the Union Budget 2024-25 approaches, all eyes are on Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, with the hope that the government will continue to drive India's green initiatives and sustainable development forward.

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Will Lewis Pugh's Epic Hudson Swim Inspire River Ganga Conservation?

Recreated by Sanjaya K. Mishra

15th September 2023 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger


In a stunning display of endurance and unwavering environmental commitment, Lewis Pugh, the official Patron of the Oceans for the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), has achieved the extraordinary feat of swimming 517 kilometers down the Hudson River, culminating at the iconic tip of Manhattan. This remarkable endeavor serves as a powerful clarion call, drawing global attention to the pressing imperative of safeguarding our planet's invaluable waterways. Timed perfectly ahead of the UN's momentous High Seas Treaty and Climate Ambition Summit, this aquatic odyssey carries profound implications for the future of our oceans.


Lewis Pugh embarked on this epic aquatic odyssey 32 days ago, commencing his remarkable journey in a serene lake near Lake Placid. This British-South African athlete undertook a daunting challenge, traversing the entire length of the river, at times conquering distances that exceeded 20 kilometers in a single day. His unwavering determination was encapsulated by the iconic UNEP swim cap, symbolizing his allegiance to the cause. Emerging triumphant from the waters near the World Trade Center in New York Harbor, Pugh was greeted by an outpouring of support from a diverse crowd of onlookers and intrigued passersby.


What sets this endeavor apart is not only its sheer physicality but also Pugh's profound connection with the Hudson River's rich biodiversity. His awe-inspiring encounters with majestic bald eagles, soaring vultures, diligent beavers, and elusive black bears bear testament to the vitality of this thriving ecosystem. More than an athlete, Pugh emerges as a fervent advocate for imperiled marine environments worldwide.


The deliberate choice of the Hudson River symbolizes the undeniable progress made in the rejuvenation of once-threatened waterways. Pugh's mission was explicitly designed to spark inspiration, urging nations worldwide to replicate the transformation, breathing life back into polluted rivers and revitalizing their essence. He passionately underscored the irreplaceable role of rivers as the lifeblood of our planet, emphasizing their intricate connection with the well-being of our oceans.


The Hudson River's storied history encapsulates a poignant narrative of transformation; evolving from one of the world's most fertile ecosystems into a beleaguered waterway, besieged by relentless industrialization, toxic chemical discharges, overzealous fishing, and habitat fragmentation. Yet, it is also a story of resilience, where five decades of tireless effort, fortified by initiatives like the Clean Water Act, bans on commercial fishing, and extensive riverbed sediment dredging, stand as a testament to nature's power to rebound.


Lewis Pugh, resplendent in his role as a UN representative, emanates pride and a zealous dedication to global synergy in surmounting environmental challenges. His resounding affirmation of the High Seas Treaty's profound significance illuminates the treaty's role in protecting the last bastion of our imperiled planet.


This historic accord will erect an international legal framework, meticulously evaluating the cumulative repercussions of climate change in regions extending beyond national maritime boundaries. It will serve as a bastion of cooperation for the mutual benefit of all Member States and the flourishing of global ecosystems. The treaty extends an invitation for signatures at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, with the commencement date set for 20th September 2023, spanning a two-year duration. Its enforcement hinges on ratification by 60 States.


In the wake of Lewis Pugh's extraordinary aquatic achievement, a poignant reminder reverberates—our collective responsibility to safeguard the life-giving arteries of our world's waterways and oceans. His indomitable spirit beckons the global community to unite, resolute in their pursuit of environmental conservation endeavors.


However, even as Pugh's feat inspires, it's imperative to scrutinize our own endeavors closer to home, particularly concerning the Ganga River. Despite emphasizing the vital role of local communities, challenges persist. Why do we not witness substantial changes despite community involvement in initiatives introduced by Namami Gange? What are the hurdles and hardships that India confronts in their unwavering dedication to the conservation of the Ganga?


Furthermore, a critical examination of the success of Namami Gange and an in-depth exploration of the biodiversity and overall ecosystem health of the Ganga River is warranted. 

India Incorporates Green Bonds into Its Climate Finance Strategy

Recreated by Sunita Mishra (Website version only)

23rd June 2023 YouTube Twitter LinkedIn Blogger



The World Bank newsletter has incorporated a blog titled "India Incorporates Green Bonds into Its Climate Finance Strategy," highlighting India's efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainable development. The blog, written by Farah Imrana Hussain and Helena Dill, sheds light on India's commitment to addressing the impacts of climate change and reducing its carbon intensity.


The blog begins by emphasizing the increasing frequency of extreme weather events in India, attributing them to climate change. It highlights that India, as the world's third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG), plays a significant role in global emissions. The country's commitment to environmental protection and conservation is deeply ingrained in its Constitution, and it has undertaken various initiatives to mitigate climate change's adverse effects.


India's National Action Plan on Climate Change, launched in 2008, encompasses eight national missions aimed at reducing emission intensity, enhancing energy efficiency, expanding forest cover, and fostering sustainable habitats. To finance these initiatives, India requires an estimated $170 billion annually. However, current climate finance flows fall short of this target, averaging only $44 billion per year.

Recognizing the need to bolster financial support for climate-related endeavors, India called for increased financial flows to emerging countries during the 27th United Nations Conference of Parties (COP) in Egypt. Subsequently, the Government of India took significant steps to mobilize private sector capital to meet its own needs.


On February 1st, 2022, Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, announced the issuance of sovereign green bonds to mobilize resources for green infrastructure projects. The proceeds from these bonds are earmarked for public sector projects that contribute to reducing the carbon intensity of the economy. In January and February 2023, India issued its first two tranches of sovereign green bonds worth a total of INR 160 billion ($1.95 billion).


These sovereign green bonds underscore India's commitment to expanding renewable energy production and reducing carbon intensity. They will support investments in renewable energy technologies such as solar power, wind power, and small hydro projects, as well as research and development of new technologies. By allocating bond proceeds to renewable energy, India aims to facilitate its energy transition journey, considering that coal currently accounts for 55% of the country's energy needs.


Apart from renewable energy, the sovereign green bonds also support various other project categories, including sustainable water and waste management, energy efficiency, green buildings, climate change adaptation, and biodiversity conservation. Importantly, the funds raised through the green bonds will not be used to finance fossil fuel-related activities.


The World Bank has played a crucial role in supporting India's sovereign green bond program through its Sustainable Finance and ESG Advisory Services. The partnership between the World Bank and India aims to mobilize private capital for sustainable development and bridge the financing gaps. Notable projects supported by the World Bank include the Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Power Project in Madhya Pradesh, which combines infrastructure loans, funding from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and advisory services to attract private investments.


India's green bond market has witnessed significant growth, with total issuances reaching $21 billion as of February 2023. The private sector has been the primary contributor, accounting for 84% of the total. Leading issuers like Greenko Group have used green bond proceeds to fund hydro, solar, and wind power projects across multiple states. Notably, Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam became the first Indian local government to issue a green bond worth $20 million in 2021, followed by Indore Municipal Corporation's issuance of $87 million in green bonds in 2023.


With the Government of India's entry into the green bond market, experts anticipate increased investments in environmentally friendly projects and activities. These initiatives will play a pivotal role in India's transition towards a green, resilient, and inclusive development path.


As India incorporates green bonds into its climate finance strategy, it sets a positive example for other nations, demonstrating the importance of mobilizing resources for sustainable projects and fostering a greener future.

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Published in our Printed Version on 31st May 2023

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On the 10th of May 2021, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) mandated the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) disclosures from listed entities. These disclosures focus on the performance of the entities against the nine principles of the 'National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct' (NGBRCs), with reporting under each principle divided into essential and leadership categories. For the fiscal year 2021-22, the disclosures were voluntary, but they will become mandatory from the fiscal year 2022-23.  To read more subscribe

Climate Change Threatens Species with Abrupt Tipping Points, Warns Study

20th May 2023 

A groundbreaking study led by a researcher from UCL reveals that climate change could trigger sudden tipping points for species as their geographic ranges encounter unprecedented temperatures. The study, published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, provides crucial insights into when and where climate change is likely to expose species worldwide to potentially dangerous thermal conditions.

The research team, composed of scientists from UCL, University of Cape Town, University of Connecticut, and University at Buffalo, undertook an extensive analysis of data from over 35,000 animal species, including mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, corals, fish, whales, plankton, and seagrasses. Their analysis encompassed every continent and ocean basin and incorporated climate projections up until 2100.

The researchers focused on identifying the moment when areas within each species' geographical range would surpass a threshold of thermal exposure. This threshold was defined as the first five consecutive years during which temperatures consistently exceeded the species' most extreme monthly temperature recorded between 1850 and 2014.

While surpassing the thermal exposure threshold does not immediately lead to extinction, the study highlights that there is no evidence of species' ability to survive in higher temperatures. Consequently, many species face the risk of abrupt habitat loss due to future climate change.

The study reveals a consistent trend: for numerous animal species, the thermal exposure threshold will be crossed within the same decade across a significant portion of their geographic range. Dr. Alex Pigot, the lead author from UCL Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, explains that climate change is unlikely to gradually render environments more challenging for animals. Instead, large sections of their geographical range are expected to become unfamiliarly hot within a short period.

Dr. Pigot emphasizes the urgent need to identify species at risk in the coming decades, stating, "Once we observe a species suffering under unfamiliar conditions, there may be little time before its range becomes inhospitable. It is vital that we proactively identify these species in advance."

The study also highlights the substantial impact of global warming. If the planet warms by 1.5°C, the study projects that 15% of the studied species will face unfamiliarly hot temperatures across at least 30% of their existing geographic range within a single decade. This risk doubles to 30% of species at 2.5°C of warming.

According to Dr. Pigot, urgent action is required to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the harmful effects of climate change on animals and plants, averting a catastrophic extinction crisis.

The researchers anticipate that their study will assist in targeting conservation efforts. Their data serves as an early warning system, identifying specific times and locations when particular animals are likely to face risks. Dr. Christopher Trisos, a co-author from the African Climate and Development Initiative at the University of Cape Town, compares the data presentation to a movie, allowing changes to be observed unfolding over time. This animated approach aims to direct conservation efforts and highlight the potentially catastrophic consequences of unchecked climate change.

The researchers also suggest that the pattern of abrupt exposure may be an inevitable characteristic of living on a spherical planet. Due to the Earth's shape, species have more available area in environments closer to the hotter end of what they are accustomed to, such as low-lying areas or regions near the equator.

Earlier research by the same lead authors indicated that even if climate change is halted and global temperatures peak and decline, biodiversity risks could persist for decades. Additionally, the authors found that many species facing unfamiliar temperatures will coexist with other animals experiencing similar temperature shocks, posing significant threats to local ecosystem functioning.

The study received support from prominent institutions, including the Royal Society, the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (US), the African Academy of Sciences.

Unveiling the Fury of Cyclone Mocha: Climate Change Amplifies Cyclonic Intensity

13th May 2023, by Sunita Mishra

In a concerning development, the first cyclonic storm of the season, Cyclone Mocha, has formed over the Southeast Bay of Bengal. Experts predict that atmospheric conditions are highly favorable for the intensification of Cyclone Mocha in the coming days. The India Meteorology Department, the country's nodal agency, has forecasted that the storm is expected to make landfall between Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, and Kyaukpyu, Myanmar, as a very severe cyclonic storm by noon on May 14, 2023.


The occurrence of this cyclone in May, the peak month for cyclogenesis in the Indian Ocean, is not surprising. However, the alarming trend of rapid intensification observed in recent cyclonic storms raises concerns among researchers and scientists. They attribute these changes to the increasing global mean temperature, particularly in the Indian Ocean.

According to a study titled 'Changing status of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean,' researchers have noted a decrease in the translation speed of cyclones in the Arabian Sea, indicating slower movement. The intensification of cyclonic activity in the Arabian Sea is closely linked to rising ocean temperatures and increased moisture availability resulting from global warming. The study spanning from 1982 to 2019 shows a significant upward trend in the intensity, frequency, and duration of cyclonic storms and very severe cyclonic storms over the Arabian Sea. While there has been an 8% decrease in cyclone frequency in the Bay of Bengal, there has been a staggering 52% increase in the Arabian Sea during the recent epoch from 2001 to 2019.


Climate scientists have emphasized the impact of warming oceans on cyclone behavior. Dr. Roxy Mathew Koll, a climate scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and Lead IPCC Author, warns that models often fail to capture the rapid intensification of cyclones due to inadequate inclusion of ocean conditions. Cyclones nowadays can retain their energy for an extended period, as seen in the case of Cyclone Amphan, which caused significant devastation even while traveling over land. Dr. Koll emphasizes that as long as oceans remain warm and winds remain favorable, cyclones will maintain their intensity for a longer duration.


The Bay of Bengal, riding on the wave of global warming in recent decades, has witnessed increased temperatures ranging between 30-32 degrees Celsius. These elevated temperatures play a crucial role in the intensification of cyclonic storms by enhancing convection. Dr. Koll highlights that this rapid intensification has become more frequent in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.


The impacts of climate change on cyclogenesis, especially in the Indian Ocean region, have become a cause for concern due to its high population density along the coastlines. According to the Ministry of Earth Sciences Report, climate models project an increase in tropical cyclone intensity and precipitation intensity in the North Indian Ocean basin. A comparison of pre-1950 and post-1950 periods reveals a rise in severe cyclonic storms by 49% in the Bay of Bengal region and 52% in the Arabian Sea region on an annual scale. Observations further indicate an increase in the frequency of extremely severe cyclonic storms over the Arabian Sea during the post-monsoon seasons of 1998-2018, with medium confidence attributing this rise to human-induced sea surface temperature (SST) warming.

The changing climate, primarily driven by increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has resulted in an energy imbalance in the climate system. Approximately 92% of the energy goes into the ocean, leading to increased Ocean Heat Content (OHC). The IPCC's Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) highlights the rise in global mean surface temperature, sea level, and Ocean Heat Content as primary indicators of climate change. Since the 1950s, the Indian Ocean has experienced the fastest surface warming, with the Ocean Heat Content increasing significantly.


According to the SROCC, future projections indicate a warmer and wetter world over oceans, providing more energy for evaporation and facilitating increased tropical cyclone (TC) activity and rainfall. While there may be fewer cyclones overall, the storms that do form are expected to be more intense, with a higher likelihood of Category 4 or 5 storms. Changes in atmospheric stability and the concentration of energy in a few large storms contribute to this intensification.


Experts highlight the role of the barrier layer, a layer between the top and bottom layers of the ocean, in cyclone behavior. As Ocean Heat Content strengthens, heat penetration to the ocean's bottom layer decreases. Cyclones tend to track where the Ocean Heat Content is higher, and recent observations indicate that cyclones can maintain their strength even when near the coast. This poses a serious threat to the coastal areas of India.


To better understand and predict cyclone behavior, scientists emphasize the importance of incorporating the thermal structure of the upper ocean, rather than relying solely on sea surface temperature (SST), which represents only the skin layer of the ocean. Ocean Heat Content acts as a critical predictor for cyclones, affecting their life cycle, pressure drop, track change, intensity, and storm surge height. Therefore, it is necessary to develop improved parameterization of SST that accounts for Ocean Heat Content, ultimately enhancing cyclone modeling and forecasting accuracy.


In conclusion, the formation and intensification of cyclonic storms like Cyclone Mocha are intrinsically linked to climate change. Rising global temperatures and increasing Ocean Heat Content contribute to the intensification of cyclones in the Indian Ocean region. As climate change continues, the need for robust modeling techniques and accurate forecasting becomes crucial in mitigating the impacts of these severe weather events on vulnerable coastal communities.


Disclaimer: The article is based on information provided by Climate Trends, a research-based consulting and capacity building initiative specializing in environment, climate change, and sustainable development.